freedombonee/doc/EN/faq.org

#+TITLE:
#+AUTHOR: Bob Mottram
#+EMAIL: bob@freedombone.net
#+KEYWORDS: freedombox, debian, beaglebone, hubzilla, email, web server, home server, internet, censorship, surveillance, social network, irc, jabber
#+DESCRIPTION: Frequently asked questions
#+OPTIONS: ^:nil toc:nil
#+HTML_HEAD: <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="freedombone.css" />

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<h1>Frequently Asked Questions</h1>
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[[file:images/surveillanceoptions.jpg]]
/Possible options for dealing with bulk surveillance at The Glass Room exhibition, 2017/
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| [[What applications are supported?]]                                                          |
| [[I don't have a static IP address. Can I still install this system?]]                        |
| [[Why Freedombone and not FreedomBox?]]                                                       |
| [[Why not support building images for Raspberry Pi?]]                                         |
| [[Why use Tor? I've heard it's used by bad people]]                                           |
| [[How is Tor integrated with Freedombone?]]                                                   |
| [[Can I add a clearnet domain to an onion build?]]                                            |
| [[Why use Github?]]                                                                           |
| [[Should I upload my GPG keys to keybase.io?]]                                                |
| [[Keys and emails should not be stored on servers. Why do you do that?]]                      |
| [[Why can't I access my .onion site with a Tor browser?]]                                     |
| [[What is the best hardware to run this system on?]]                                          |
| [[Can I add more users to the system?]]                                                       |
| [[Why not use Signal for mobile chat?]]                                                       |
| [[What is the most secure chat app to use on mobile?]]                                        |
| [[How do I remove a user from the system?]]                                                   |
| [[Why is logging for web sites turned off by default?]]                                       |
| [[How do I reset the tripwire?]]                                                              |
| [[Is metadata protected?]]                                                                    |
| [[How do I create email processing rules?]]                                                   |
| [[Why isn't dynamic DNS working?]]                                                            |
| [[How do I change my encryption settings?]]                                                   |
| [[How do I get a domain name?]]                                                               |
| [[How do I get a "real" SSL/TLS/HTTPS certificate?]]                                          |
| [[How do I renew a Let's Encrypt certificate?]]                                               |
| [[I tried to renew a Let's Encrypt certificate and it failed. What should I do?]]             |
| [[Why not use the services of $company instead? They took the Seppuku pledge]]                |
| [[Why does my email keep getting rejected as spam by Gmail/etc?]]                             |
| [[Tor is censored/blocked in my area. What can I do?]]                                        |
| [[I want to block a particular domain from getting its content into my social network sites]] |
| [[The mesh system doesn't boot from USB drive]]                                               |

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* What applications are supported?
[[./apps.html][See here]] for the complete list of apps. In addition to those as part of the base install you get an email server.
* I don't have a static IP address. Can I still install this system?
Yes. The minimum requirements are to have some hardware that you can install Debian onto and also that you have administrator access to your internet router so that you can forward ports to the system which has Freedombone installed.

The lack of a static IP address can be worked around by using a dynamic DNS service. Freedombone uses [[https://troglobit.com/inadyn.html][inadyn]] , which supports a variety of dynamic DNS providers.
* Why Freedombone and not FreedomBox?
When the project began in late 2013 the FreedomBox project seemed to be going nowhere, and was only designed to work with the DreamPlug hardware. There was some new hardware out - the Beaglebone Black - which could run Debian and was also a free hardware design so seemed more appropriate. Hence the name "Freedombone", being like FreedomBox but on a Beaglebone. There are some similarities and differences between the two projects:

** Similarities
 - Uses freedom-maker and vmdebootstrap to build debian images
 - Supports the use of Tor onion addresses to access websites
 - Typically runs on ARM single board computers
 - Both projects aim to increase independence and privacy for internet users
 - Both projects aim to make running your own server at home easy
 - Both projects include wiki, blog, VoIP and file sync
 - Both projects enable easy installation and removal of apps
 - Both are typically "bare metal" rather than running as VMs or containers
 - Both currently are hosted on Github
** Differences
 - FreedomBox is a Debian pure blend. Freedombone is not
 - Freedombone only supports Free Software. FreedomBox includes some closed binary boot blobs for certain ARM boards
 - FreedomBox is aimed at consumers. Freedombone is aimed at slightly more technical people who don't have time to configure servers
 - Freedombone includes some software not yet in the official Debian repos
 - Freedombone includes an email server set up for use with GPG by default
 - Freedombone has encrypted backups capability
 - Freedombone implements the /social key management/ idea which was described in a 2012 FreedomBox meetup
 - Freedombone implements recommendations from bettercrypto.org whereas FreedomBox sticks to Debian default crypto settings
 - Freedombone has a mesh network version. FreedomBox doesn't yet
* Why not support building images for Raspberry Pi?
The FreedomBox project supports Raspberry Pi builds, and the image build system for Freedombone is based on the same system. However, although the Raspberry Pi can run a version of Debian it requires a closed proprietary blob in order to boot the hardware. Who knows what that blob might contain or what exploits it could facilitate. From an adversarial point of view if you were trying to deliver "bulk equipment interference" then it doesn't get any better than piggybacking on something which has control of the boot process, and hence all subsequently run processes.

So although the Raspberry Pi is cheap and hugely popular it's not supported by the Freedombone project. Perhaps future versions of the Pi won't have the proprietary blob requirement, or maybe the blob will be open sourced at some stage.
* Why use Tor? I've heard it's used by bad people
Years ago Tor was usually depicted in the mainstream media as something scary inhabited by cyberterrorists and other bad cybers, but today to a large extent Tor is accepted as just another way of routing data in a network. Depending upon where you live there may still be some amount of fearmongering about Tor, but it now seems clear that the trajectory is towards general acceptance.

Tor and its onion addresses, previously called hidden addresses, have a few key advantages:

 * NAT traversal
 * Firewall traversal
 * Avoiding the domain name system (DNS), which is mostly centralized and not secure
 * Avoiding passive bulk surveillance in which governments try to find out who is communicating with who

On the negative side it's a complex system which is not fully decentralized.
* How is Tor integrated with Freedombone?
Within this project Tor is used more to provide /accessibility/ than the /anonymity/ factor for which Tor is better known. The onion address system provides a way of being able to access sites even if you don't own a conventional domain name or don't have administrator access to your local internet router to be able to do port forwarding.

Tor is installed by default, but it's not configured as a relay or exit node. From the administrator control panel you can optionally set up a Tor bridge, but this is only for adverse situations and not usually advisable.

When you install an app you will be able to access it from its onion address.

Even if you're running the "onion only" build, this only means that sites are accessible via onion addresses. It doesn't mean that everything gets routed through Tor. If full anonymity is your aim then it's probably a good idea to just stick strictly to using TAILS.
* Can I add a clearnet domain to an onion build?
You could if you manually edited the relevant nginx configuration files and installed some dynamic DNS system yourself. If you already have sysadmin knowledge then that's probably not too hard. But the builds created with the *onion-addresses-only* option aren't really intended to support access via clearnet domains.
* Why use Github?
Github is paradoxically a centralized, closed and proprietary system which happens to mostly host free and open source projects. Up until now it has been relatively benign, but at some point in the name of "growth" it will likely start becoming more evil, or just become like SourceForge - which was also once much loved by FOSS developers, but turned into a den of malvertizing.

At present Github is useful just because of the sheer number of eyeballs and the easy discoverability of projects via search.

The source code for this project is experimentally independently hosted, and it is expected that in future the main development will shift over to an independent site, maybe with mirrors on Github if it still exists in a viable form.

Currently many of the repositories used for applications which are not yet packaged for Debian are on Github, and to provide some degree of resilliance against depending too much upon that copies of them also exist within disk images.
* Should I upload my GPG keys to keybase.io?
It's not recommended unless there exists some compelling reason for you to be on there. That site asks users to upload the *private keys*, and even if the keys are client side encrypted with a passphrase there's always the chance that there will be a data leak in future and letter agencies will then have a full time opportunity to crack the passphrases.

Saying something resembling /"only noobs will use crackable private key passphrases"/ isn't good enough. A passphrase should not be considered to be a substitute for a private key.
* Keys and emails should not be stored on servers. Why do you do that?
Ordinarily this is good advice. However, the threat model for a device in your home is different from the one for a generic server in a massive warehouse. Compare and contrast:

| At home                                        | In a warehouse                                                 |
|------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------|
| Accessible to a small number of people         | Accessible to possibly many random strangers                   |
| You control the environment                    | You have no control over the warehouse                         |
| You know what gets plugged in to the box       | Anything could be plugged in to the box and you might not know |
| You know where your home is                    | The warehouse could be anywhere in the world                   |
| Normally requires a warrant to search          | Requires little or no justification to search                  |
| You know what jurisdiction your home is within | You may have no idea what jurisdiction the warehouse is within |

In the home environment a box with a good firewall and no GUI components installed may be much more secure than the end points, such as laptops and phones.

* Why can't I access my .onion site with a Tor browser?
Probably you need to add the site to the NoScript whitelist. Typically click/press on the noscript icon (or select from the menu on mobile) then select /whitelist/ and add the site URL. You may also need to disable HTTPS Everywhere when using onion addresses, which don't use https.

Another factor to be aware of is that it can take a while for the onion address to become available within the Tor network. In tests the amount of time between creating a site and being able to access it's onion address seems to vary between a minute or two and half an hour. So don't be too impatient if the address doesn't appear to resolve straight away.
* What is the best hardware to run this system on?
It was originally designed to run on the Beaglebone Black, but that should be regarded as the most minimal system, because it's single core and has by today's standards a small amount of memory. Obviously the more powerful the hardware is the faster things like web pages (blog, social networking, etc) will be served but the more electricity such a system will require if you're running it 24/7. A good compromise between performance and energy consumption is something like an old netbook. The battery of an old netbook or laptop even gives you [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uninterruptible_power_supply][UPS capability]] to keep the system going during brief power outages or cable re-arrangements, and that means using full disk encryption on the server also becomes more practical.
/Out of fashion/ but still working computer hardware tends to be cheap and readily available, yet still good for providing internet services.
* Can I add more users to the system?
Yes. Freedombone can support a small number of users, for a "/friends and family/" type of home installation. This gives them access to an email account, XMPP, SIP phone and the blog (depending on whether the variant which you installed includes those).

#+begin_src bash
ssh username@mydomainname -p 2222
#+end_src

Select /Administrator controls/ then /Manage Users/ and then /Add a user/. You will be prompted for a username and you can also optionally provide their ssh public key.

Something to consider when having more than a single user on the system is the security situation. The original administrator user will have access to all of the data for other users (including their encryption keys), so if you do add extra users they need to have *complete trust* in the administrator.

Another point is that Freedombone installations are not intended to support many users (maybe ten at most). Large numbers of users may make the system unstable, and the more users you have on one system the more it becomes a single point of failure and also perhaps a honeypot from the standpoint of adversaries. Think of what happened with Lavabit and the moral dilemma which an administrator can be faced with (comply with threats and betray the trust of your users or don't comply and suffer other consequences). Ideally, you never want to put yourself into a situation where you can be forced to betray others.
* Why not use Signal for mobile chat?
Celebrities recommend Signal. It's Free Software so it must be good, right?

If you are currently using a proprietary chat app, something without any encryption or something /really bad/ such as Telegram, then Signal is definitely a step up in terms of security. But Signal has problems, which can be summarised as:

 * *It uses phone numbers*. Phone numbers are used for Signal's initial verification, and they can of course be intercepted or faked. Plus it means that Open Whisper Systems keeps a list of phone numbers on its centralised server for its /"X has joined Signal"/ notification. Even if they're hashed, they're still unique identifiers and [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_table][rainbow tables]] for the phone number system probably exist. Phone numbers are convenient for some users, but are also a non-trivial security risk. If you're using Signal then consider what it knows about who your contacts are, where that data is located and who else might have access to that.
 * *It's based on a single server* run by Open Whisper Systems. That's a single point of failure and ought to be a big red flag (of the sporting rather than the socialist variety) as a possible locus for concentrated nefariousness.
 * *It requires the installation of Google Play*. If you already have Google Play installed on a stock Android OS then this doesn't increase your security problems, but for other more secure Android variants it's a massive increase in attack surface.
 * *It depends entirely upon the Google message pushing system*. That means that Google /at least knows who Signal messages are being sent to and may be able to infer the rest via your (insecure) Android phone contact list or via timing correlation of alternating deliveries/. Remember that for an adversary metadata in aggregate is much better than having the content of messages. At any time Google could decide that it doesn't want to support Signal, or in adverse circumstances they could be leaned upon by the usual agencies or government cronies.
 * *Their privacy policy indicates that they will give whatever server data they have to third parties* under some conditions. Of course this is always claimed to be /for the very best of reasons/ - such as combating fraud - but once that sort of disclosure capability exists it may be abused without you ever knowing about it.
 * *Forking isn't really an option*. A fork was tried, but Moxie got annoyed when it still used his server. At the same time the level of interest in federating the server is not detectable with our best intrumentation, and is suspected to be negative. That's a catch 22 which effectively means that independent implementations of Signal will always leave some users unable to communicate with each other.

To give credit where it's due Signal is good, but it could be a lot better. The real solution for private chat is to run your own XMPP server, as you can with Freedombone, or to have someone within your community do that. /There is no substitute for a decentralised solution which is within the control of your community/.
* What is the most secure chat app to use on mobile?
On mobile there are various options. The apps which are likely to be most secure are ones which have end-to-end encryption enabled by default and which can also be onion routed via Orbot. End-to-end encryption secures the content of the message and onion routing obscures the metadata, making it hard for a passive adversary to know who is communicating with who.

The current safest way to chat is to use [[https://conversations.im][Conversations]] together with [[https://guardianproject.info/apps/orbot/][Orbot]] - both of which can be installed from [[https://f-droid.org/][F-droid]]. You may need to enable the [[https://guardianproject.info/][Guardian Project]] repository within F-droid in order to be able to install Orbot. Within the settings of the Conversations app you can set it to route via Tor, and also you can use the XMPP service of your Freedombone server. That way all of the software infrastructure is controlled by you or your community.

There are many [[Why not use Signal for mobile chat?][other fashionable chat apps]] with end-to-end security, but often they are closed source, have a single central server or can't be onion routed. It's also important to remember that closed source chat apps should be assumed to be untrustworthy, since their security cannot be independently verified.
* How do I remove a user from the system?
To remove a user:

#+begin_src bash
ssh username@mydomainname -p 2222
#+end_src

Select /Administrator controls/ then /Manage Users/ and then /Delete a user/. Note that this will delete all of that user's files and email.
* Why is logging for web sites turned off by default?
If you're making profits out of the logs by running large server warehouses and then data mining what users click on - as is the business model of well known internet companies - then logging everything makes total sense. However, if you're running a home server then logging really only makes sense if you're trying to diagnose some specific problem with the system, and outside of that context logging everything becomes more of a liability than an asset.

Logs can potentially become quite large and frequent logging isn't a great idea if you're running on a flash disk since it just increases the wear rate and thus shortens its usable lifetime. Also from a security perspective if a compromise occurs then the attacker gets considerably less social information if there are no logs containing timestamped IP addresses.

On the Freedombone system web logs containing IP addresses are turned off by default. They're not deleted, they're just never created in the first place. If you need to turn logging on in order to fix a problem then go to the *Administrator control panel* and enable logging. If you don't manually turn it off again then it will turn itself off automatically at the next system update, which is typically a few days away.
* How do I reset the tripwire?
The tripwire will be automatically reset once per week. If you want to reset it earlier then do the following:

#+begin_src bash
ssh username@mydomain -p 2222
#+end_src

Select /Administrator controls/ then "reset tripwire" using cursors and space bar then enter.
* Is metadata protected?
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"/We kill people based on metadata/"

-- Michael Hayden
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Even when using Freedombone metadata analysis by third parties is still possible. This can be mitigated by accessing your blog, or other web services, via their /onion addresses/, rather than via more conventional domain names. In that case your ISP and any government which they might be compelled to report back to will know when your system is being accessed, but not necessarily /which/ services are being accessed /or by whom/. So for instance using a Tor browser and the onion address people may be able to safely read your blog or wiki and be reasonably confident that metadata isn't being gathered about what they read (or more concisely the metadata which can be gathered by a third party may just not be very useful or personally identifiable). On the other hand if you access the system via conventional domain names and dynamic DNS then it's safe to assume that metadata can and will be collected by third parties.
* How do I create email processing rules?
#+begin_src bash
ssh username@domainname -p 2222
#+end_src

Select /Administrator controls/ then /Email Filtering Rules/ then you can add rules to be applied to incoming email addresses or mailing lists. If you prefer to do things directly on the command line, without the control panel, then the following commands are available:

| freedombone-addlist  | Adds a mailing list                                                  |
| freedombone-rmlist   | Removes a mailing list                                               |
| freedombone-addemail | Transfers emails from an address to a given folder                   |
| freedombone-rmemail  | Removes an email transferal rule                                     |
| freedombone-ignore   | Ignores email from an address or with a subject line containing text |
| freedombone-unignore | Removes an ignore rule                                               |

Spamassassin is also available and within Mutt you can use the S (shift+s) key to mark an email as spam or the H (shift+h) key to mark an email as not being spam. So by using a combination of email rules and spam filtering you should be able to avoid any spammers or trolls.
* Why isn't dynamic DNS working?
If you run the command:

#+begin_src bash
systemctl status inadyn
#+end_src

And see some error related to checking for changes in the IP address then you can try other external IP services. Edit */etc/inadyn.conf* and change the domain for the *checkip-url* parameter. Possible sites are:

#+begin_src text
https://check.torproject.org/
https://www.whatsmydns.net/whats-my-ip-address.html
https://www.privateinternetaccess.com/pages/whats-my-ip/
#+end_src

* How do I change my encryption settings?
Suppose that some new encryption vulnerability has been announced and that you need to change your encryption settings. Maybe an algorithm thought to be secure is now no longer so and you need to remove it. You can change your settings by doing the following:

#+begin_src bash
ssh myusername@mydomain -p 2222
#+end_src

Select /Administrator controls/ then select /Security Settings/. You will then be able to edit the crypto settings for all of the installed applications. *Be very careful when editing*, since any mistake could make your system less secure rather than more.
* How do I get a domain name?
Suppose that you have bought a domain name (rather than using a free subdomain on freedns) and you want to use that instead.

Remove any existing nameservers for your domain (or select "custom" nameservers), then add:

#+begin_src text
NS1.AFRAID.ORG
NS2.AFRAID.ORG
NS3.AFRAID.ORG
NS4.AFRAID.ORG
#+end_src

It might take a few minutes for the above change to take effect.  Within freedns click on "Domains" and add your domains (this might only be available to paid members).  Make sure that they're marked as "private".

Select "Subdomains" from the menu on the left then select the MX entry for your domain and change the destination to *10:mydomainname* rather than *10:mail.mydomainname*.

To route email to one of your freedns domains:

#+begin_src bash
editor /etc/mailname
#+end_src

Add any extra domains which you own, then save and exit.

#+begin_src bash
editor /etc/exim4/update-exim4.conf.conf
#+end_src

Within dc_other_hostnames add your extra domain names, separated by a colon ':' character.

Save and exit, then restart exim.

#+begin_src bash
update-exim4.conf.template -r
update-exim4.conf
service exim4 restart
#+end_src

You should now be able to send an email from /postmaster@mynewdomainname/ and it should arrive in your inbox.

* How do I get a "real" SSL/TLS/HTTPS certificate?
If you did the full install or selected the social variant then the system will have tried to obtain a Let's Encrypt certificate automatically during the install process. If this failed for any reason, or if you have created a new site which you need a certificate for then do the following:

#+begin_src bash
ssh username@mydomainname -p 2222
#+end_src

Select /Administrator controls/ then *Security settings* then *Create a new Let's Encrypt certificate*.

One thing to be aware of is that Let's Encrypt doesn't support many dynamic DNS subdomains, such as those from freeDNS, so to run Hubzilla and GNU Social you will need to have your own official domains for those. There are many sites from which you can buy cheap domain names, and while this isn't ideal in terms of making you dependent upon another company it's the only option currently.
* How do I renew a Let's Encrypt certificate?
Normally certificates will be automatically renewed once per month, so you don't need to be concerned about it. If anything goes wrong with the automatic renewal then you should receive a warning email.

If you need to manually renew a certificate:

#+begin_src bash
ssh username@mydomainname -p 2222
#+end_src

Select /Administrator controls/ then *Security settings* then *Renew Let's Encrypt certificate*.
* I tried to renew a Let's Encrypt certificate and it failed. What should I do?
Most likely it's because Let's Encrypt doesn't support your particular domain or subdomain. Currently free subdomains tend not to work. You'll need to buy a domain name, link it to your dynamic DNS account and then do:

#+begin_src bash
ssh username@mydomainname -p 2222
#+end_src

Select /Administrator controls/ then *Security settings* then *Create a new Let's Encrypt certificate*.
* Why not use the services of $company instead? They took the Seppuku pledge
[[https://cryptostorm.org/viewtopic.php?f=63&t=2954&sid=7de2d1e699cfde2f574e6a7f6ea5a173][That pledge]] is utterly worthless. Years ago people trusted Google in the same sort of way, because they promised not be be evil and because a lot of the engineers working for them seemed like honest types who were "/on our side/". Post-[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymwars][nymwars]] and post-[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRISM_%28surveillance_program%29][PRISM]] we know exactly how much Google cared about the privacy and security of its users. But Google is only one particular example. In general don't trust pledges made by companies, even if the people running them seem really sincere.
* Why does my email keep getting rejected as spam by Gmail/etc?
Welcome to the world of email. Email is really the archetypal decentralized service, developed during the early days of the internet. In principle anyone can run an email server, and that's exactly what you're doing with Freedombone. Email is very useful, but it has a big problem, and that's that the protocols are totally insecure. That made it easy for spammers to do their thing, and in response highly elaborate spam filtering and blocking systems were developed. Chances are that your emails are being blocked in this way. Sometimes the blocking is so indisciminate that entire countries are excluded. What can you do about it? Unless you control the block list at the receiving end you may not be able to do much unless you can find an email proxy server which is trusted by the receiving server.

Often ISPs will run their own SMTP mail server which you can use for proxying, typically called /mail.ISPdomain/. On the administrator control panel there is an option to set the details for outgoing email from the Mutt client.

#+begin_src bash
ssh username@mydomainname -p 2222
#+end_src

Select /Administrator controls/ then *Outgoing Email Proxy* and enter the details for your ISP SMTP server.

This may work, at least when using Mutt, and admittedly if it does then it's a compromise in which you are using some infrastructure which is not controlled by the community - with all of the usual hazards which go along with that.

The current arrangement with email blocking works well for the big internet companies because it effectively centralises email to a few well-known brand names and keeps any independent servers out, or creates dependencies like the one just described in which you become a second class citizen of the internet.

So the situation with email presently is pretty bad, and there's a clear selection pressure against decentralization and towards only a few companies controlling all email services. Longer term the solution is to have more secure protocols which make spamming hard or expensive.
* Tor is censored/blocked in my area. What can I do?
If you can find some details for an obfs4 Tor bridge (its IP address, port number and key or nickname) then you can set up the system to use it to connect to the Tor network. Unlike relay nodes the IP addresses for bridges are not public information and so can't be easily known and added to block lists by authoritarian regimes or over-zealous ISPs.

ssh into your Freedombone system, go to the *administrator control panel*, select *security settings* then *Tor Bridges* and *Add a bridge*. You can then enter the details.

#+BEGIN_CENTER
[[file:images/controlpanel/control_panel_bridges.jpg]]
#+END_CENTER

Any bridges that you add will also show up on the About screen of the administrator control panel.

You can also set your system to act as a Tor bridge, although this is not recommended since in most cases you will have a dynamic external IP address. If you need to help someone get around local censorship temporarily though this could be an option.

* I want to block a particular domain from getting its content into my social network sites
If you're being pestered by some domain which contains bad/illegal/harrassing content or irritating users you can block domains at the firewall level. Go to the administrator control panel and select /domain blocking/. You can then block, unblock and view the list of blocked domains.

#+begin_src
ssh username@domainname -p 2222
#+end_src

Select /Administrator controls/ then /Domain blocking/.

* The mesh system doesn't boot from USB drive
If the system doesn't boot and reports an error which includes */dev/mapper/loop0p1* then reboot with *Ctrl-Alt-Del* and when you see the grub menu press *e* and manually change */dev/mapper/loop0p1* to */dev/sdb1*, then press *Ctrl-x*. If that doesn't work then reboot and try */dev/sdc1* instead.

After the system has booted successfully the problem should resolve itself on subsequent reboots.


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