--- title: 准备你的机器 menu: docs: weight: 10 parent: admin --- 如果你正在设置一台全新的机器,推荐你首要完成安全设置。以下内容假定你运行 **Ubuntu 18.04**: ## 禁止密码登录SSH(仅允许密钥登录) 首先,请确保你实际上是通过密钥而不是通过密码登录到服务器的,否则这将使你无法登录。许多托管服务提供商支持上传公钥,并自动为新机器设置基于密钥的root登录。 编辑 `/etc/ssh/sshd_config` 并找到 `PasswordAuthentication`。确保它已被去除注释并被设为 `no`。如果你做了任何改动,请重启 sshd。 ## 更新系统 ```bash apt update && apt upgrade -y ``` ## 安装 fail2ban 以阻止重复登录尝试 编辑 `/etc/fail2ban/jail.local` 并添加以下内容: ```text [DEFAULT] destemail = your@email.here sendername = Fail2Ban [sshd] enabled = true port = 22 [sshd-ddos] enabled = true port = 22 ``` 最后重启fail2ban: ```bash systemctl restart fail2ban ``` ## 安装防火墙并只暴露SSH、HTTP、HTTPS端口 首先,安装 iptables-persistent。在安装期间,它将询问你是否保留现有规则。 ```bash apt install -y iptables-persistent ``` 编辑 `/etc/iptables/rules.v4` 并添加如下内容: ```text *filter # Allow all loopback (lo0) traffic and drop all traffic to 127/8 that doesn't use lo0 -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A INPUT ! -i lo -d 127.0.0.0/8 -j REJECT # Accept all established inbound connections -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT # Allow all outbound traffic - you can modify this to only allow certain traffic -A OUTPUT -j ACCEPT # Allow HTTP and HTTPS connections from anywhere (the normal ports for websites and SSL). -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT # Allow SSH connections # The -dport number should be the same port number you set in sshd_config -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW --dport 22 -j ACCEPT # Allow ping -A INPUT -p icmp -m icmp --icmp-type 8 -j ACCEPT # Log iptables denied calls -A INPUT -m limit --limit 5/min -j LOG --log-prefix "iptables denied: " --log-level 7 # Reject all other inbound - default deny unless explicitly allowed policy -A INPUT -j REJECT -A FORWARD -j REJECT COMMIT ``` iptables-persistent 将在机器启动时自动加载配置。但是由于我们现在不会立刻重启,我们需要第一次手动加载它: ```bash iptables-restore < /etc/iptables/rules.v4 ``` {{< translation-status-zh-cn raw_title="Preparing your machine" raw_link="/admin/prerequisites/" last_tranlation_time="2020-05-04" raw_commit="ad1ef20f171c9f61439f32168987b0b4f9abd74b">}}