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<div class="document" id="bittorrent-extension-for-arbitrary-dht-store">
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<li class="first"><a href="/">Home</a></li>
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<li><a href="../../contact.html">Contact</a></li>
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<div id="header">
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<h1><span>Rasterbar Software</span></h1>
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<h2><span>Software developement and consulting</span></h2>
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</div>
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<div id="main">
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<h1 class="title">BitTorrent extension for arbitrary DHT store</h1>
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<table class="docinfo" frame="void" rules="none">
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<col class="docinfo-name" />
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<col class="docinfo-content" />
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<tbody valign="top">
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<tr><th class="docinfo-name">Author:</th>
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<td>Arvid Norberg, <a class="last reference external" href="mailto:arvid@rasterbar.com">arvid@rasterbar.com</a></td></tr>
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<tr><th class="docinfo-name">Version:</th>
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<td>1.0.0</td></tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<div class="contents topic" id="table-of-contents">
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<p class="topic-title first">Table of contents</p>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#terminology" id="id3">terminology</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#messages" id="id4">messages</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#immutable-items" id="id5">immutable items</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#put-message" id="id6">put message</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#get-message" id="id7">get message</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mutable-items" id="id8">mutable items</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id1" id="id9">put message</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id2" id="id10">get message</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#signature-verification" id="id11">signature verification</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#expiration" id="id12">expiration</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#test-vectors" id="id13">test vectors</a></li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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<p>This is a proposal for an extension to the BitTorrent DHT to allow
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storing and retrieving of arbitrary data.</p>
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<p>It supports both storing <em>immutable</em> items, where the key is
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the SHA-1 hash of the data itself, and <em>mutable</em> items, where
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the key is the public key of the key pair used to sign the data.</p>
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<p>There are two new proposed messages, <tt class="docutils literal">put</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">get</tt>.</p>
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<div class="section" id="terminology">
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<h1>terminology</h1>
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<p>In this document, a <em>storage node</em> refers to the node in the DHT to which
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an item is being announced and stored on. A <em>subscribing node</em> refers to
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a node which makes look-ups in the DHT to find the storage nodes, to
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request items from them, and possibly re-announce those items to keep them
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alive.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="messages">
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<h1>messages</h1>
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<p>The proposed new messages <tt class="docutils literal">get</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">put</tt> are similar to the existing <tt class="docutils literal">get_peers</tt>
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and <tt class="docutils literal">announce_peer</tt>.</p>
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<p>Responses to <tt class="docutils literal">get</tt> should always include <tt class="docutils literal">nodes</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">nodes6</tt> has the same
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semantics as in its <tt class="docutils literal">get_peers</tt> response. It should also include a write token,
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<tt class="docutils literal">token</tt>, with the same semantics as <tt class="docutils literal">get_peers</tt>.</p>
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<p>The <tt class="docutils literal">id</tt> field in these messages has the same semantics as the standard DHT messages,
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i.e. the node ID of the node sending the message, to maintain the structure of the DHT
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network.</p>
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<p>The <tt class="docutils literal">token</tt> field also has the same semantics as the standard DHT message <tt class="docutils literal">get_peers</tt>
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and <tt class="docutils literal">announce_peer</tt>, when requesting an item and to write an item respectively.</p>
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<p>The <tt class="docutils literal">k</tt> field is the PKCS#1 encoded 2048 bit RSA public key, which the signature
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can be authenticated with. When looking up a mutable item, the <tt class="docutils literal">target</tt> field
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MUST be the SHA-1 hash of this key.</p>
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<p>The distinction between storing mutable and immutable items is the inclusion
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of a public key, a sequence number and signature (<tt class="docutils literal">k</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">seq</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">sig</tt>).</p>
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<p><tt class="docutils literal">get</tt> requests for mutable items and immutable items cannot be distinguished from
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eachother. An implementation can either store mutable and immutable items in the same
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hash table internally, or in separate ones and potentially do two lookups for <tt class="docutils literal">get</tt>
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requests.</p>
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<p>The <tt class="docutils literal">v</tt> field is the <em>value</em> to be stored. It is allowed to be any bencoded type (list,
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dict, string or integer). When it's being hashed (for verifying its signature or to calculate
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its key), its flattened, bencoded, form is used. It is important to use the exact
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bencoded representation as it appeared in the message. decoding and then re-encoding
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bencoded structures is not necessarily an identity operation.</p>
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<p>Storing nodes SHOULD reject <tt class="docutils literal">put</tt> requests where the bencoded form of <tt class="docutils literal">v</tt> is longer
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than 767 bytes.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="immutable-items">
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<h1>immutable items</h1>
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<p>Immutable items are stored under their SHA-1 hash, and since they cannot be modified,
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there is no need to authenticate the origin of them. This makes immutable items simple.</p>
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<p>A node making a lookup SHOULD verify the data it receives from the network, to verify
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that its hash matches the target that was looked up.</p>
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<div class="section" id="put-message">
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<h2>put message</h2>
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<p>Request:</p>
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<pre class="literal-block">
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{
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"a":
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{
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"id": <em><20 byte id of sending node (string)></em>,
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"v": <em><any bencoded type, whose encoded size < 768></em>
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},
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"t": <em><transaction-id (string)></em>,
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"y": "q",
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"q": "put"
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}
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</pre>
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<p>Response:</p>
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<pre class="literal-block">
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{
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"r": { "id": <em><20 byte id of sending node (string)></em> },
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"t": <em><transaction-id (string)></em>,
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"y": "r",
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}
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</pre>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="get-message">
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<h2>get message</h2>
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<p>Request:</p>
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<pre class="literal-block">
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{
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"a":
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{
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"id": <em><20 byte id of sending node (string)></em>,
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"target": <em><SHA-1 hash of item (string)></em>,
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},
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"t": <em><transaction-id (string)></em>,
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"y": "q",
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"q": "get"
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}
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</pre>
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<p>Response:</p>
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<pre class="literal-block">
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{
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"r":
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{
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"id": <em><20 byte id of sending node (string)></em>,
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"token": <em><write token (string)></em>,
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"v": <em><any bencoded type whose SHA-1 hash matches 'target'></em>,
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"nodes": <em><IPv4 nodes close to 'target'></em>,
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"nodes6": <em><IPv6 nodes close to 'target'></em>
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},
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"t": <em><transaction-id></em>,
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"y": "r",
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}
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</pre>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="mutable-items">
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<h1>mutable items</h1>
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<p>Mutable items can be updated, without changing their DHT keys. To authenticate
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that only the original publisher can update an item, it is signed by a private key
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generated by the original publisher. The target ID mutable items are stored under
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is the SHA-1 hash of the public key (as it appears in the <tt class="docutils literal">put</tt> message).</p>
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<p>In order to avoid a malicious node to overwrite the list head with an old
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version, the sequence number <tt class="docutils literal">seq</tt> must be monotonically increasing for each update,
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and a node hosting the list node MUST not downgrade a list head from a higher sequence
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number to a lower one, only upgrade. The sequence number SHOULD not exceed <tt class="docutils literal">MAX_INT64</tt>,
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(i.e. <tt class="docutils literal">0x7fffffffffffffff</tt>. A client MAY reject any message with a sequence number
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exceeding this.</p>
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<p>The signature is a 2048 bit RSA signature of the SHA-1 hash of the bencoded sequence
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number and <tt class="docutils literal">v</tt> key. e.g. something like this:: <tt class="docutils literal">3:seqi4e1:v12:Hello world!</tt>.</p>
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<div class="section" id="id1">
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<h2>put message</h2>
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<p>Request:</p>
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<pre class="literal-block">
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{
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"a":
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{
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"id": <em><20 byte id of sending node (string)></em>,
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"k": <em><RSA-2048 public key (PKCS#1 encoded)></em>,
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"seq": <em><monotonically increasing sequence number (integer)></em>,
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"sig": <em><RSA-2048 signature (256 bytes string)></em>,
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"token": <em><write-token (string)></em>,
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"v": <em><any bencoded type, whose encoded size < 768></em>
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},
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"t": <em><transaction-id (string)></em>,
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"y": "q",
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"q": "put"
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}
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</pre>
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<p>Storing nodes receiving a <tt class="docutils literal">put</tt> request where <tt class="docutils literal">seq</tt> is lower than what's already
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stored on the node, MUST reject the request.</p>
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<p>Response:</p>
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<pre class="literal-block">
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{
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"r": { "id": <em><20 byte id of sending node (string)></em> },
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"t": <em><transaction-id (string)></em>,
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"y": "r",
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}
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</pre>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="id2">
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<h2>get message</h2>
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<p>Request:</p>
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<pre class="literal-block">
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{
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"a":
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{
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"id": <em><20 byte id of sending node (string)></em>,
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"target:" <em><20 byte SHA-1 hash of public key (string)></em>
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},
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"t": <em><transaction-id (string)></em>,
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"y": "q",
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"q": "get"
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}
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</pre>
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<p>Response:</p>
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<pre class="literal-block">
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{
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"r":
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{
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"id": <em><20 byte id of sending node (string)></em>,
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"k": <em><RSA-2048 public key (268 bytes string)></em>,
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"nodes": <em><IPv4 nodes close to 'target'></em>,
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"nodes6": <em><IPv6 nodes close to 'target'></em>,
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"seq": <em><monotonically increasing sequence number (integer)></em>,
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"sig": <em><RSA-2048 signature (256 bytes string)></em>,
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"token": <em><write-token (string)></em>,
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"v": <em><any bencoded type, whose encoded size < 768></em>
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},
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"t": <em><transaction-id (string)></em>,
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"y": "r",
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}
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</pre>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="signature-verification">
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<h1>signature verification</h1>
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<p>In order to make it maximally difficult to attack the bencoding parser, signing and verification of the
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value and sequence number should be done as follows:</p>
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<ol class="arabic simple">
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<li>encode value and sequence number separately</li>
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<li>concatenate "3:seqi" <tt class="docutils literal">seq</tt> "e1:v" and the encoded value.
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sequence number 1 of value "Hello World!" would be converted to: 3:seqi1e1:v12:Hello World!
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In this way it is not possible to convince a node that part of the length is actually part of the
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sequence number even if the parser contains certain bugs. Furthermore it is not possible to have a
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verification failure if a bencoding serializer alters the order of entries in the dictionary.</li>
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<li>hash the concatenated string with SHA-1</li>
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<li>sign or verify the hash digest.</li>
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</ol>
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<p>On the storage node, the signature MUST be verified before accepting the store command. The data
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MUST be stored under the SHA-1 hash of the public key (as it appears in the bencoded dict).</p>
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<p>On the subscribing nodes, the key they get back from a <tt class="docutils literal">get</tt> request MUST be verified to hash
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to the target ID the lookup was made for, as well as verifying the signature. If any of these fail,
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the response SHOULD be considered invalid.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="expiration">
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<h1>expiration</h1>
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<p>Without re-announcement, these items MAY expire in 2 hours. In order
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to keep items alive, they SHOULD be re-announced once an hour.</p>
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<p>Subscriber nodes MAY help out in announcing items the are interested in to the DHT,
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to keep them alive.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="test-vectors">
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<h1>test vectors</h1>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div id="footer">
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<span>Copyright © 2005 Rasterbar Software.</span>
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