=================
libtorrent manual
=================

:Author: Arvid Norberg, arvid@libtorrent.org
:Version: 1.1.0

.. contents:: Table of contents
  :depth: 2
  :backlinks: none

tuning libtorrent
=================

libtorrent expose most constants used in the bittorrent engine for
customization through the ``session_settings``. This makes it possible to
test and tweak the parameters for certain algorithms to make a client
that fits a wide range of needs. From low memory embedded devices to
servers seeding thousands of torrents. The default settings in libtorrent
are tuned for an end-user bittorrent client running on a normal desktop
computer.

This document describes techniques to benchmark libtorrent performance
and how parameters are likely to affect it.

reducing memory footprint
=========================

These are things you can do to reduce the memory footprint of libtorrent. You get
some of this by basing your default ``session_settings`` on the ``min_memory_usage()``
setting preset function.

Keep in mind that lowering memory usage will affect performance, always profile
and benchmark your settings to determine if it's worth the trade-off.

The typical buffer usage of libtorrent, for a single download, with the cache
size set to 256 blocks (256 * 16 kiB = 4 MiB) is::

	read cache:      128.6 (2058 kiB)
	write cache:     103.5 (1656 kiB)
	receive buffers: 7.3   (117 kiB)
	send buffers:    4.8   (77 kiB)
	hash temp:       0.001 (19 Bytes)

The receive buffers is proportional to the number of connections we make, and is
limited by the total number of connections in the session (default is 200).

The send buffers is proportional to the number of upload slots that are allowed
in the session. The default is auto configured based on the observed upload rate.

The read and write cache can be controlled (see section below).

The "hash temp" entry size depends on whether or not hashing is optimized for
speed or memory usage. In this test run it was optimized for memory usage.

disable disk cache
------------------

The bulk of the memory libtorrent will use is used for the disk cache. To save
the absolute most amount of memory, you can disable the cache by setting
``session_settings::cache_size`` to 0. You might want to consider using the cache
but just disable caching read operations. You do this by settings
``session_settings::use_read_cache`` to false. This is the main factor in how much
memory will be used by the client. Keep in mind that you will degrade performance
by disabling the cache. You should benchmark the disk access in order to make an
informed trade-off.

remove torrents
---------------

Torrents that have been added to libtorrent will inevitably use up memory, even
when it's paused. A paused torrent will not use any peer connection objects or
any send or receive buffers though. Any added torrent holds the entire .torrent
file in memory, it also remembers the entire list of peers that it's heard about
(which can be fairly long unless it's capped). It also retains information about
which blocks and pieces we have on disk, which can be significant for torrents
with many pieces.

If you need to minimize the memory footprint, consider removing torrents from
the session rather than pausing them. This will likely only make a difference
when you have a very large number of torrents in a session.

The downside of removing them is that they will no longer be auto-managed. Paused
auto managed torrents are scraped periodically, to determine which torrents are
in the greatest need of seeding, and libtorrent will prioritize to seed those.

socket buffer sizes
-------------------

You can make libtorrent explicitly set the kernel buffer sizes of all its peer
sockets. If you set this to a low number, you may see reduced throughput, especially
for high latency connections. It is however an opportunity to save memory per
connection, and might be worth considering if you have a very large number of
peer connections. This memory will not be visible in your process, this sets
the amount of kernel memory is used for your sockets.

Change this by setting ``session_settings::recv_socket_buffer_size`` and
``session_settings::send_socket_buffer_size``.

peer list size
--------------

The default maximum for the peer list is 4000 peers. For IPv4 peers, each peer
entry uses 32 bytes, which ends up using 128 kB per torrent. If seeding 4 popular
torrents, the peer lists alone uses about half a megabyte.

The default limit is the same for paused torrents as well, so if you have a
large number of paused torrents (that are popular) it will be even more
significant.

If you're short of memory, you should consider lowering the limit. 500 is probably
enough. You can do this by setting ``session_settings::max_peerlist_size`` to
the max number of peers you want in a torrent's peer list. This limit applies per
torrent. For 5 torrents, the total number of peers in peerlists will be 5 times
the setting.

You should also lower the same limit but for paused torrents. It might even make sense
to set that even lower, since you only need a few peers to start up while waiting
for the tracker and DHT to give you fresh ones. The max peer list size for paused
torrents is set by ``session_settings::max_paused_peerlist_size``.

The drawback of lowering this number is that if you end up in a position where
the tracker is down for an extended period of time, your only hope of finding live
peers is to go through your list of all peers you've ever seen. Having a large
peer list will also help increase performance when starting up, since the torrent
can start connecting to peers in parallel with connecting to the tracker.

send buffer watermark
---------------------

The send buffer watermark controls when libtorrent will ask the disk I/O thread
to read blocks from disk, and append it to a peer's send buffer.

When the send buffer has fewer than or equal number of bytes as
``session_settings::send_buffer_watermark``, the peer will ask the disk I/O thread
for more data to send. The trade-off here is between wasting memory by having too
much data in the send buffer, and hurting send rate by starving out the socket,
waiting for the disk read operation to complete.

If your main objective is memory usage and you're not concerned about being able
to achieve high send rates, you can set the watermark to 9 bytes. This will guarantee
that no more than a single (16 kiB) block will be on the send buffer at a time, for
all peers. This is the least amount of memory possible for the send buffer.

You should benchmark your max send rate when adjusting this setting. If you have
a very fast disk, you are less likely see a performance hit.

optimize hashing for memory usage
---------------------------------

When libtorrent is doing hash checks of a file, or when it re-reads a piece that
was just completed to verify its hash, there are two options. The default one
is optimized for speed, which allocates buffers for the entire piece, reads in
the whole piece in one read call, then hashes it.

The second option is to optimize for memory usage instead, where a single buffer
is allocated, and the piece is read one block at a time, hashing it as each
block is read from the file. For low memory environments, this latter approach
is recommended. Change this by settings ``session_settings::optimize_hashing_for_speed``
to false. This will significantly reduce peak memory usage, especially for
torrents with very large pieces.

reduce executable size
----------------------

Compilers generally add a significant number of bytes to executables that make use
of C++ exceptions. By disabling exceptions (-fno-exceptions on GCC), you can
reduce the executable size with up to 45%. In order to build without exception
support, you need to patch parts of boost.

Also make sure to optimize for size when compiling.

Another way of reducing the executable size is to disable code that isn't used.
There are a number of ``TORRENT_*`` macros that control which features are included
in libtorrent. If these macros are used to strip down libtorrent, make sure the same
macros are defined when building libtorrent as when linking against it. If these
are different the structures will look different from the libtorrent side and from
the client side and memory corruption will follow.

One, probably, safe macro to define is ``TORRENT_NO_DEPRECATE`` which removes all
deprecated functions and struct members. As long as no deprecated functions are
relied upon, this should be a simple way to eliminate a little bit of code.

For all available options, see the `building libtorrent`_ secion.

.. _`building libtorrent`: building.html

play nice with the disk
=======================

When checking a torrent, libtorrent will try to read as fast as possible from the disk.
The only thing that might hold it back is a CPU that is slow at calculating SHA-1 hashes,
but typically the file checking is limited by disk read speed. Most operating systems
today do not prioritize disk access based on the importance of the operation, this means
that checking a torrent might delay other disk accesses, such as virtual memory swapping
or just loading file by other (interactive) applications.

In order to play nicer with the disk, and leave some spare time for it to service other
processes that might be of higher importance to the end-user, you can introduce a sleep
between the disc accesses. This is a direct tradeoff between how fast you can check a
torrent and how soft you will hit the disk.

You control this by setting the ``session_settings::file_checks_delay_per_block`` to greater
than zero. This number is the number of milliseconds to sleep between each read of 16 kiB.

The sleeps are not necessarily in between each 16 kiB block (it might be read in larger chunks),
but the number will be multiplied by the number of blocks that were read, to maintain the
same semantics.

high performance seeding
========================

In the case of a high volume seed, there are two main concerns. Performance and scalability.
This translates into high send rates, and low memory and CPU usage per peer connection.

file pool
---------

libtorrent keeps an LRU file cache. Each file that is opened, is stuck in the cache. The main
purpose of this is because of anti-virus software that hooks on file-open and file close to
scan the file. Anti-virus software that does that will significantly increase the cost of
opening and closing files. However, for a high performance seed, the file open/close might
be so frequent that it becomes a significant cost. It might therefore be a good idea to allow
a large file descriptor cache. Adjust this though ``session_settings::file_pool_size``.

Don't forget to set a high rlimit for file descriptors in your process as well. This limit
must be high enough to keep all connections and files open.

disk cache
----------

You typically want to set the cache size to as high as possible. The
``session_settings::cache_size`` is specified in 16 kiB blocks. Since you're seeding,
the cache would be useless unless you also set ``session_settings::use_read_cache``
to true.

In order to increase the possibility of read cache hits, set the
``session_settings::cache_expiry`` to a large number. This won't degrade anything as
long as the client is only seeding, and not downloading any torrents.

In order to increase the disk cache hit rate, you can enable suggest messages based on
what's in the read cache. To do this, set ``session_settings::suggest_mode`` to
``session_settings::suggest_read_cache``. This will send suggest messages to peers
for the most recently used pieces in the read cache. This is especially useful if you
also enable explicit read cache, by settings ``session_settings::explicit_read_cache``
to the number of pieces to keep in the cache. The explicit read cache will make the
disk read cache stick, and not be evicted by cache misses. The explicit read cache
will automatically pull in the rarest pieces in the read cache.

Assuming that you seed much more data than you can keep in the cache, to a large
numbers of peers (so that the read cache wouldn't be useful anyway), this may be a
good idea.

When peers first connect, libtorrent will send them a number of allow-fast messages,
which lets the peers download certain pieces even when they are choked, since peers
are choked by default, this often triggers immediate requests for those pieces. In the
case of using explicit read cache and suggesting those pieces, allowing fast pieces
should be disabled, to not systematically trigger requests for pieces that are not cached
for all peers. You can turn off allow-fast by settings ``session_settings::allowed_fast_set_size``
to 0.

As an alternative to the explicit cache and suggest messages, there's a *guided cache*
mode. This means the size of the read cache line that's stored in the cache is determined
based on the upload rate to the peer that triggered the read operation. The idea being
that slow peers don't use up a disproportional amount of space in the cache. This
is enabled through ``session_settings::guided_read_cache``.

In cases where the assumption is that the cache is only used as a read-ahead, and that no
other peer will ever request the same block while it's still in the cache, the read
cache can be set to be *volatile*. This means that every block that is requested out of
the read cache is removed immediately. This saves a significant amount of cache space
which can be used as read-ahead for other peers. This mode should **never** be combined
with either ``explicit_read_cache`` or ``suggest_read_cache``, since those uses opposite
strategies for the read cache. You don't want to on one hand attract peers to request
the same pieces, and on the other hand assume that they won't request the same pieces
and drop them when the first peer requests it. To enable volatile read cache, set
``session_settings::volatile_read_cache`` to true.

SSD as level 2 cache
--------------------

It is possible to introduce a second level of cache, below the RAM disk cache. This is done
by setting ``session_settings::mmap_cache`` to a file path pointing to the SSD drive, and
increasing the ``session_settings::cache_size`` to the number of 16 kiB blocks would fit
on the drive (or less).

This will allocate disk buffers (for reading and writing) from a memory region that has
been mapped to the specified file. If the drive this file lives on is not significantly
faster than the destination drive, performance will be degraded. The point is to take
advantage primarily of the fast read speed from SSD drives and use it to extend the read
cache, improving seed performance.

Which parts of the cache that actually live in RAM is determined by the operating system.

Note that when using this feature, any block which ends up being pulled from the mmapped
file will be considered a cache hit.

uTP-TCP mixed mode
------------------

libtorrent supports uTP_, which has a delay based congestion controller. In order to
avoid having a single TCP bittorrent connection completely starve out any uTP connection,
there is a mixed mode algorithm. This attempts to detect congestion on the uTP peers and
throttle TCP to avoid it taking over all bandwidth. This balances the bandwidth resources
between the two protocols. When running on a network where the bandwidth is in such an
abundance that it's virtually infinite, this algorithm is no longer necessary, and might
even be harmful to throughput. It is adviced to experiment with the
``session_setting::mixed_mode_algorithm``, setting it to ``session_settings::prefer_tcp``.
This setting entirely disables the balancing and unthrottles all connections. On a typical
home connection, this would mean that none of the benefits of uTP would be preserved
(the modem's send buffer would be full at all times) and uTP connections would for the most
part be squashed by the TCP traffic.

.. _`uTP`: utp.html

send buffer low watermark
-------------------------

libtorrent uses a low watermark for send buffers to determine when a new piece should
be requested from the disk I/O subsystem, to be appended to the send buffer. The low
watermark is determined based on the send rate of the socket. It needs to be large
enough to not draining the socket's send buffer before the disk operation completes.

The watermark is bound to a max value, to avoid buffer sizes growing out of control.
The default max send buffer size might not be enough to sustain very high upload rates,
and you might have to increase it. It's specified in bytes in
``session_settings::send_buffer_watermark``.

peers
-----

First of all, in order to allow many connections, set the global connection limit
high, ``session::set_max_connections()``. Also set the upload rate limit to
infinite, ``session::set_upload_rate_limit()``, passing 0 means infinite.

When dealing with a large number of peers, it might be a good idea to have slightly
stricter timeouts, to get rid of lingering connections as soon as possible.

There are a couple of relevant settings: ``session_settings::request_timeout``,
``session_settings::peer_timeout`` and ``session_settings::inactivity_timeout``.

For seeds that are critical for a delivery system, you most likely want to allow
multiple connections from the same IP. That way two people from behind the same NAT
can use the service simultaneously. This is controlled by
``session_settings::allow_multiple_connections_per_ip``.

In order to always unchoke peers, turn off automatic unchoke
``session_settings::auto_upload_slots`` and set the number of upload slots to a large
number via ``session::set_max_uploads()``, or use -1 (which means infinite).

torrent limits
--------------

To seed thousands of torrents, you need to increase the ``session_settings::active_limit``
and ``session_settings::active_seeds``.

SHA-1 hashing
-------------

When downloading at very high rates, it is possible to have the CPU be the bottleneck
for passing every downloaded byte through SHA-1. In order to enable calculating SHA-1
hashes in parallel, on multi-core systems, set ``session_settings::hashing_threads``
to the number of threads libtorrent should start to do SHA-1 hashing. This defaults
to 1, and only if that thread is close to saturating one core does it make sense to
increase the number of threads.

scalability
===========

In order to make more efficient use of the libtorrent interface when running a large
number of torrents simultaneously, one can use the ``session::get_torrent_status()`` call
together with ``session::refresh_torrent_status()``. Keep in mind that every call into
libtorrent that return some value have to block your thread while posting a message to
the main network thread and then wait for a response (calls that don't return any data
will simply post the message and then immediately return). The time this takes might
become significant once you reach a few hundred torrents (depending on how many calls
you make to each torrent and how often). ``get_torrent_status`` lets you query the
status of all torrents in a single call. This will actually loop through all torrents
and run a provided predicate function to determine whether or not to include it in
the returned vector. If you have a lot of torrents, you might want to update the status
of only certain torrents. For instance, you might only be interested in torrents that
are being downloaded.

The intended use of these functions is to start off by calling ``get_torrent_status``
to get a list of all torrents that match your criteria. Then call ``refresh_torrent_status``
on that list. This will only refresh the status for the torrents in your list, and thus
ignore all other torrents you might be running. This may save a significant amount of
time, especially if the number of torrents you're interested in is small. In order to
keep your list of interested torrents up to date, you can either call ``get_torrent_status``
from time to time, to include torrents you might have become interested in since the last
time. In order to stop refreshing a certain torrent, simply remove it from the list.

A more efficient way however, would be to subscribe to status alert notifications, and
update your list based on these alerts. There are alerts for when torrents are added, removed,
paused, resumed, completed etc. Doing this ensures that you only query status for the
minimal set of torrents you are actually interested in.

benchmarking
============

There is a bunch of built-in instrumentation of libtorrent that can be used to get an insight
into what it's doing and how well it performs. This instrumentation is enabled by defining
preprocessor symbols when building.

There are also a number of scripts that parses the log files and generates graphs (requires
gnuplot and python).

disk metrics
------------

To enable disk I/O instrumentation, define ``TORRENT_DISK_STATS`` when building. When built
with this configuration libtorrent will create three log files, measuring various aspects of
the disk I/O. The following table is an overview of these files and what they measure.

+--------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| filename                 | description                                                  |
+==========================+==============================================================+
| ``disk_io_thread.log``   | This is a log of which operation the disk I/O thread is      |
|                          | engaged in, with timestamps. This tells you what the thread  |
|                          | is spending its time doing.                                  |
|                          |                                                              |
+--------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``disk_buffers.log``     | This log keeps track of what the buffers allocated from the  |
|                          | disk buffer pool are used for. There are 5 categories.       |
|                          | receive buffer, send buffer, write cache, read cache and     |
|                          | temporary hash storage. This is key when optimizing memory   |
|                          | usage.                                                       |
|                          |                                                              |
+--------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``disk_access.log``      | This is a low level log of read and write operations, with   |
|                          | timestamps and file offsets. The file offsets are byte       |
|                          | offsets in the torrent (not in any particular file, in the   |
|                          | case of a multi-file torrent). This can be used as an        |
|                          | estimate of the physical drive location. The purpose of      |
|                          | this log is to identify the amount of seeking the drive has  |
|                          | to do.                                                       |
|                          |                                                              |
+--------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+


disk_io_thread.log
''''''''''''''''''

The structure of this log is simple. For each line, there are two columns, a timestamp and
the operation that was started. There is a special operation called ``idle`` which means
it looped back to the top and started waiting for new jobs. If there are more jobs to
handle immediately, the ``idle`` state is still there, but the timestamp is the same as the
next job that is handled.

Some operations have a 3:rd column with an optional parameter. ``read`` and ``write`` tells
you the number of bytes that were requested to be read or written. ``flushing`` tells you
the number of bytes that were flushed from the disk cache.

This is an example excerpt from a log::

	3702 idle
	3706 check_fastresume
	3707 idle
	4708 save_resume_data
	4708 idle
	8230 read 16384
	8255 idle
	8431 read 16384

The script to parse this log and generate a graph is called ``parse_disk_log.py``. It takes
the log file as the first command line argument, and produces a file: ``disk_io.png``.
The time stamp is in milliseconds since start.

You can pass in a second, optional, argument to specify the window size it will average
the time measurements over. The default is 5 seconds. For long test runs, it might be interesting
to increase that number. It is specified as a number of seconds.

.. image:: disk_io.png

This is an example graph generated by the parse script.

disk_buffers.log
''''''''''''''''

The disk buffer log tells you where the buffer memory is used. The log format has a time stamp,
the name of the buffer usage which use-count changed, colon, and the new number of blocks that are
in use for this particular key. For example::

	23671 write cache: 18
	23671 receive buffer: 3
	24153 receive buffer: 2
	24153 write cache: 19
	24154 receive buffer: 3
	24198 receive buffer: 2
	24198 write cache: 20
	24202 receive buffer: 3
	24305 send buffer: 0
	24305 send buffer: 1
	24909 receive buffer: 2
	24909 write cache: 21
	24910 receive buffer: 3

The time stamp is in milliseconds since start.

To generate a graph, use ``parse_disk_buffer_log.py``. It takes the log file as the first
command line argument. It generates ``disk_buffer.png``.

.. image:: disk_buffer_sample.png

This is an example graph generated by the parse script.

disk_access.log
'''''''''''''''

*The disk access log is now binary*

The disc access log has three fields. The timestamp (milliseconds since start), operation
and offset. The offset is the absolute offset within the torrent (not within a file). This
log is only useful when you're downloading a single torrent, otherwise the offsets will not
be unique.

In order to easily plot this directly in gnuplot, without parsing it, there are two lines
associated with each read or write operation. The first one is the offset where the operation
started, and the second one is where the operation ended.

Example::

	15437 read 301187072
	15437 read_end 301203456
	16651 read 213385216
	16680 read_end 213647360
	25879 write 249036800
	25879 write_end 249298944
	26811 read 325582848
	26943 read_end 325844992
	36736 read 367001600
	36766 read_end 367263744

The disk access log does not have any good visualization tool yet. There is however a gnuplot
file, ``disk_access.gnuplot`` which assumes ``disk_access.log`` is in the current directory.

.. image:: disk_access.png

The density of the disk seeks tells you how hard the drive has to work.

understanding the disk threads
==============================

*This section is somewhat outdated, there are potentially more than one disk
thread*

All disk operations are funneled through a separate thread, referred to as the
disk thread. The main interface to the disk thread is a queue where disk jobs
are posted, and the results of these jobs are then posted back on the main
thread's io_service.

A disk job is essentially one of:

1. write this block to disk, i.e. a write job. For the most part this is just a
	matter of sticking the block in the disk cache, but if we've run out of
	cache space or completed a whole piece, we'll also flush blocks to disk.
	This is typically very fast, since the OS just sticks these buffers in its
	write cache which will be flushed at a later time, presumably when the drive
	head will pass the place on the platter where the blocks go.

2. read this block from disk. The first thing that happens is we look in the
	cache to see if the block is already in RAM. If it is, we'll return
	immediately with this block. If it's a cache miss, we'll have to hit the
	disk. Here we decide to defer this job. We find the physical offset on the
	drive for this block and insert the job in an ordered queue, sorted by the
	physical location. At a later time, once we don't have any more non-read
	jobs left in the queue, we pick one read job out of the ordered queue and
	service it. The order we pick jobs out of the queue is according to an
	elevator cursor moving up and down along the ordered queue of read jobs. If
	we have enough space in the cache we'll read read_cache_line_size number of
	blocks and stick those in the cache. This defaults to 32 blocks. If the
	system supports asynchronous I/O (Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, BSD, Solars for
	instance), jobs will be issued immediately to the OS. This especially
	increases read throughput, since the OS has a much greater flexibility to
	reorder the read jobs.

Other disk job consist of operations that needs to be synchronized with the
disk I/O, like renaming files, closing files, flushing the cache, updating the
settings etc. These are relatively rare though.

contributions
=============

If you have added instrumentation for some part of libtorrent that is not
covered here, or if you have improved any of the parser scrips, please consider
contributing it back to the project.

If you have run tests and found that some algorithm or default value in
libtorrent is suboptimal, please contribute that knowledge back as well, to
allow us to improve the library.

If you have additional suggestions on how to tune libtorrent for any specific
use case, please let us know and we'll update this document.

