Sweden-Number/documentation/registry.sgml

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<sect1 id="registry">
<title>The Registry</title>
<para>
Originally written by Ove Kåven
</para>
<para>
After Win3.x, the registry became a fundamental part of Windows.
It is the place where both Windows itself, and all
Win95/98/NT/2000/whatever-compliant applications, store
configuration and state data. While most sane system
administrators (and Wine developers) curse badly at the twisted
nature of the Windows registry, it is still necessary for Wine
to support it somehow.
</para>
<sect2>
<title>The default registry</title>
<para>
A Windows registry contains many keys by default, and some of
them are necessary for even installers to operate correctly.
The keys that the Wine developers have found necessary to
install applications are distributed in a file called
<filename>winedefault.reg</filename>. It is automatically
installed for you if you use the
<filename>tools/wineinstall</filename> script in the Wine source,
but if you want to install it manually, you can do so by using the
<command>regedit</command> tool to be found in the
<filename>programs/regedit/</filename>
directory in Wine source.
<filename>winedefault.reg</filename> should even be applied if
you plan to use a native Windows registry, since Wine needs some
specific registry settings in its registry (for special
workarounds for certain programs etc.).
In the main Wine source code directory in a <glossterm>terminal</glossterm>, run:
</para>
<screen>
<prompt>$ </><userinput>cd programs/regedit</>
<prompt>$ </><userinput>./regedit ../../winedefault.reg</>
</screen>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Using a Windows registry</title>
<para>
If you point Wine at an existing Windows installation (by
setting the appropriate directories in
<filename>~/.wine/config</filename>, then Wine is able to load
registry data from it. However, Wine will not save anything to
the real Windows registry, but rather to its own registry
files (see below). Of course, if a particular registry value
exists in both the Windows registry and in the Wine registry,
then Wine will use the latter. In the Wine config file, there
are a number of configuration settings in the [registry] section
(see below) specific to the handling of Windows registry content by Wine.
</para>
<para>
Occasionally, Wine may have trouble loading the Windows
registry. Usually, this is because the registry is
inconsistent or damaged in some way. If that becomes a
problem, you may want to download the
<filename>regclean.exe</filename> from the MS website and use
it to clean up the registry. Alternatively, you can always use
<filename>regedit.exe</filename> to export the registry data
you want into a text file, and then import it in Wine.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>The Registry</title>
<para>
The initial default registry content to be used by the Wine
registry files is in the file
<filename>winedefault.reg</filename>. It contains directory
paths, class IDs, and more; it must be installed before most
<filename>INSTALL.EXE</filename> or
<filename>SETUP.EXE</filename> applications will work.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Registry structure</title>
<para>
The Windows registry is an elaborate tree structure, and not
even most Windows programmers are fully aware of how the
registry is laid out, with its different "hives" and numerous
links between them; a full coverage is out of the scope of
this document. But here are the basic registry keys you might
need to know about for now.
</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE</term>
<listitem>
<para>
This fundamental root key (in win9x it's stored in the
hidden file <filename>system.dat</filename>) contains
everything pertaining to the current Windows
installation.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>HKEY_USERS</term>
<listitem>
<para>
This fundamental root key (in win9x it's stored in the
hidden file <filename>user.dat</filename>) contains
configuration data for every user of the installation.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT</term>
<listitem>
<para>
This is a link to HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Classes.
It contains data describing things like file
associations, OLE document handlers, and COM classes.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>HKEY_CURRENT_USER</term>
<listitem>
<para>
This is a link to HKEY_USERS\your_username, i.e., your
personal configuration.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Wine registry data files</title>
<para>
In the user's home directory, there is a subdirectory named
<filename>.wine</filename>, where Wine will try to save its
registry by default. It saves into four files, which are:
</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>system.reg</filename></term>
<listitem>
<para>
This file contains HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>user.reg</filename></term>
<listitem>
<para>
This file contains HKEY_CURRENT_USER.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>userdef.reg</filename></term>
<listitem>
<para>
This file contains HKEY_USERS\.Default (i.e. the default
user settings).
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>wine.userreg</filename></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Wine saves HKEY_USERS to this file (both current and
default user), but does not load from it, unless
<filename>userdef.reg</filename> is missing.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>
All of these files are human-readable text files, so unlike
Windows, you can actually use an ordinary text editor on them
if you want (make sure you don't have Wine running when modifying
them, otherwise your changes will be discarded).
</para>
<para>
FIXME: global configuration currently not implemented.
In addition to these files, Wine can also optionally load from
global registry files residing in the same directory as the
global <filename>wine.conf</filename> (i.e.
<filename>/usr/local/etc</filename> if you compiled from
source). These are:
</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>wine.systemreg</filename></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Contains HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>wine.userreg</filename></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Contains HKEY_USERS.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>System administration</title>
<para>
With the above file structure, it is possible for a system
administrator to configure the system so that a system Wine
installation (and applications) can be shared by all the
users, and still let the users all have their own personalized
configuration. An administrator can, after having installed
Wine and any Windows application software he wants the users
to have access to, copy the resulting
<filename>system.reg</filename> and
<filename>wine.userreg</filename> over to the global registry
files (which we assume will reside in
<filename>/usr/local/etc</filename> here), with:
</para>
<screen>
cd ~/.wine
cp system.reg /usr/local/etc/wine.systemreg
cp wine.userreg /usr/local/etc/wine.userreg
</screen>
<para>
and perhaps even symlink these back to the administrator's
account, to make it easier to install apps system-wide later:
</para>
<screen>
ln -sf /usr/local/etc/wine.systemreg system.reg
ln -sf /usr/local/etc/wine.userreg wine.userreg
</screen>
<para>
Note that the <filename>tools/wineinstall</filename> script
already does all of this for you, if you install Wine source as root.
If you then install Windows applications while logged in as
root, all your users will automatically be able to use them.
While the application setup will be taken from the global
registry, the users' personalized configurations will be saved
in their own home directories.
</para>
<para>
But be careful with what you do with the administrator account
- if you do copy or link the administrator's registry to the
global registry, any user might be able to read the
administrator's preferences, which might not be good if
sensitive information (passwords, personal information, etc)
is stored there. Only use the administrator account to install
software, not for daily work; use an ordinary user account for
that.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>The [registry] section</title>
<para>
Now let's look at the <link linkend="config-file">Wine
configuration file</link> options for handling the registry.
</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>GlobalRegistryDir</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Optional. Sets the path to look for the Global
Registry.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>LoadGlobalRegistryFiles</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Controls whether to try to load the global registry
files, if they exist.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>LoadHomeRegistryFiles</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Controls whether to try to load the user's registry
files (in the <filename>.wine</filename> subdirectory of
the user's home directory).
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>LoadWindowsRegistryFiles</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Controls whether Wine will attempt to load registry data
from a real Windows registry in an existing MS Windows
installation.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>WritetoHomeRegistryFiles</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Controls whether registry data will be written to the
user's registry files. (Currently, there is no
alternative, so if you turn this off, Wine cannot save
the registry on disk at all; after you exit Wine, your
changes will be lost.)
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>SaveOnlyUpdatedKeys</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Controls whether the entire registry is saved to the
user's registry files, or only subkeys the user have
actually changed. Considering that the user's registry
will override any global registry files and Windows
registry files, it usually makes sense to only save
user-modified subkeys; that way, changes to the rest of
the global or Windows registries will still affect the
user.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PeriodicSave</term>
<listitem>
<para>
If this option is set to a nonzero value, it specifies
that you want the registry to be saved to disk at the
given interval. If it is not set, the registry will only
be saved to disk when the wineserver terminates.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>UseNewFormat</term>
<listitem>
<para>
This option is obsolete. Wine now always uses the new
format; support for the old format was removed a while
ago.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</sect2>
</sect1>
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