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INTRODUCTION
~~~~~~~~~~~~
This document attempts to establish guidelines for people making binary
packages of Wine.
It expresses the basic principles that the Wine developers have agreed
should be used when building Wine. It also attempts to highlight the areas
where there are different approaches to packaging Wine, so that the packager
can understand the different alternatives that have been considered and their
rationales.
TERMS
~~~~~
There are several terms and paths used in this document as place holders
for configurable values. Those terms are described here.
* WINEPREFIX: is the user's Wine configuration directory.
This is almost always ~/.wine, but can be overridden by
the user by setting the WINEPREFIX environment variable.
* PREFIX: is the prefix used when selecting an installation target.
The current default is /usr/local. This results in binary
installation into /usr/local/bin, library installation into
/usr/local/wine/lib, and so forth.
This value can be overridden by the packager. In fact, FHS 2.2
(http://www.pathname.com/fhs/) specifications suggest that a better
prefix is /opt/wine. Ideally, a packager would also allow the
installer to override this value.
* ETCDIR: is the prefix that Wine uses to find the global
configuration directory. This can be changed by the configure
option sysconfdir. The current default is $PREFIX/etc.
* WINDOWSDIR: is an important concept to Wine. This directory specifies
what directory corresponds to the root Windows directory
(e.g. C:\WINDOWS). This directory is specified by the user, in
their registry settings. Generally speaking, this directory
is either set to point at an empty directory, or it is set to point
at a Windows partition that has been mounted through the vfat driver.
NOTE: It is extremely important that the packager understand the
importance of WINDOWSDIR and convey this information and
choice to the end user.
DEPENDENCIES
~~~~~~~~~~~~
There are two types of dependencies: hard and soft dependencies.
A hard dependency must be available at runtime for Wine to function,
if compiled into the code. Soft dependencies on the other hand
will degrade gracefully at runtime if unavailable on the runtime system.
Ideally, we should eliminate all hard dependencies in favor of
soft dependencies.
To enable a soft dependency, it must be available at compile time.
As a packager, please do your best to make sure that as many soft
dependencies are available during compilation. Failing to have a
soft dependency available means that users cannot benefit
from a Wine capability.
Here is a list of the soft dependencies. We suggest packagers
install each and every last of those before building the package.
These libraries are not dependencies in the RPM sense. In DEB packages,
they should appear as "Suggests" or "Recommends", as the case may be.
* FreeType: http://www.freetype.org
This library is used for direct rendering of fonts. It provides
better support of fonts than using the X11 fonts engine. It is
only needed for the X11 back end engine. Used from GDI.
* fontconfig
Used to find TrueType fonts for rendering with freetype. Used by
GDI.
* Alsa: http://sourceforge.net/projects/alsa (Linux only)
This library gives sound support to the Windows environment.
* JACK: http://jackit.sourceforge.net
Similar to Alsa, it allow Wine to use the JACK audio server.
* CUPS: http://www.cups.org
This library allows Windows to see CUPS defined printers. Used
by WINEPS and WINSPOOL.
* OpenGL
This is used for both OpenGL and Direct3D (and some other
DirectX functions as well) support in Wine. There are many many
libraries for providing this functionality. It is enough for one
of them to be available when compiling Wine. Wine can work with
any other library during runtime.
If no library is available, packagers are encouraged to compile
Wine with Mesa3D (http://www.mesa3d.org), which requires no
hardware support to install.
* LittleCMS: http://www.littlecms.com
This library is used to implement MSCMS (Color Management System)
which is needed by an increasing number of graphics applications.
* libjpeg
This library is used to load JPEG files within OLE automation.
* libungif or gif_lib
One of these two libraries is used to load GIF files within OLE
automation.
* ICU
Used for bidirectional character output. Linked statically, used
by GDI.
* sane
Used for basic scanner support in our TWAIN32 library.
* openssl
Used for some cryptographic support in ADVAPI32.
* Xrandr, Xrender, Xi, Xext
X11 extension libraries used by the x11drv.
Xrandr - resolution switching
Xrender - client side font rendering
Xi - X Input handling (for asian input methods mostly)
Xext - X extensions
GOALS
~~~~~
An installation from a Wine package should:
* Install quickly and simply:
The initial installation should require no user input. An
'rpm -i wine.rpm' or 'apt-get install wine'
should suffice for initial installation.
* Work quickly and simply:
The user should be able to launch Solitaire within seconds
of downloading the Wine package.
* Comply with File system Hierarchy Standard
A Wine installation should, as much as possible, comply
with the FHS standard (http://www.pathname.com/fhs/).
* Preserve flexibility
None of the flexibility built into Wine should
be hidden from the end user.
* Easy configuration
Come as preconfigured as possible, so the user does
not need to change any configuration files.
* Small footprint
Use only as much disk space as needed per user.
* Reduce support requirements.
A packaged version of Wine should be sufficiently easy to use and
have quick and easy access to FAQs and documentation such that
requests to the newsgroup and development group go down.
Further, it should be easy for users to capture good bug reports.
REQUIREMENTS
~~~~~~~~~~~~
Successfully installing Wine requires:
* Install of the .rpm or .deb package.
* No longer: Preparing a fake windows setup.
If WINEPREFIX is not present, wine will generate a setup
by itself by calling wineprefixcreate.
This will load all default registry entries, and register dlls
where necessary. A special "wine.inf" file is provided with
the WINE sources and installed to /usr/share/wine/.
WINE COMPONENTS
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Executable Files
- notepad : The windows Notepad replacement.
- progman : A Program Manager replacement.
- regedit : A graphical tool to edit your registry or for
importing a windows registry to Wine.
- regsvr32 : A program to register/unregister .DLL and .OCX files.
Only works on those dlls that can self-register.
- taskmgr : A clone of the windows taskmgr, used for debugging and
managing running Windows and Winlib processes.
- uninstaller: A program to uninstall installed Windows programs.
Like the Add/Remove Program in the windows control panel.
- wcmd : Wine's command line interpreter, a cmd.exe replacement.
- widl : Wine IDL compiler compiles (MS-RPC and DCOM) Interface
Definition Language files.
- wine : The main Wine executable. This program will load a Windows
binary and run it, relying upon the Wine shared object libraries.
- wineboot : This program is executed on startup of the first wine
process of a particular user.wineboot won't automatically run
when needed. Currently you have to manually run it after you
install something.
- winebuild : Winebuild is a tool used for building Winelib applications
(and by Wine itself) to allow a developer to compile a .spec file
into a .spec.c file.
- wineconsole : Render the output of CUI programs.
- winedbg : A application making use of the debugging API to allow
debugging of Wine or Winelib applications as well as Wine itself
(kernel and all DLLs).
- winedump : Dumps the imports and exports of NE and PE files.
- winefile : A clone of the win3x file manager.
- winegcc/wineg++: Wrappers for gcc/g++ respectively, to make them behave
as MinGW's gcc. Used for porting apps over to Winelib.
- winemaker : Winemaker is a perl script which is designed to help you
bootstrap the conversion of your Windows projects to Winelib.
- winemine : A clone of "Windows Minesweeper" a demo WineLib app.
- winepath : A tool for converting between Windows paths and Unix paths
- wineserver : The Wine server is the process that manages resources,
coordinates threads, and provides synchronization and interprocess
communication primitives to Wine processes.
- wineshelllink : This shell script can be called by Wine in order to
propagate Desktop icon and menu creation requests out to a
GNOME or KDE (or other Window Managers).
- winewrap : Takes care of linking winelib applications. Linking with
Winelib is a complex process, winewrap makes it simple.
- winhelp : A Windows Help replacement.
- wmc : Wine Message Compiler it allows Windows message files to be
compiled into a format usable by Wine.
- wrc : the Wine Resource Compiler. A clone of Microsoft's rc.
* Shared Object Library Files
To obtain a current list of DLLs, run:
ls dlls/*.so
it the root of the Wine _build_ tree, after a successful build.
* Man Pages
To obtain a current list of man files that need to be installed, run:
find . -name "*.man"
it the root of the Wine _build_ tree, after you have run ./configure.
* Include Files
An up to date list of includes can be found in the include/Makefile.in
file.
* Documentation files
After building the documentation with:
cd documentation; make html
install all the files from: wine-user/, wine-devel/ and winelib-user/.
* Dynamic Wine Files
Wine also generates and depends on a number of dynamic
files, including user configuration files and registry files.
At the time of this writing, there was not a clear
consensus of where these files should be located, and how
they should be handled. This section attempts
to explain the alternatives clearly.
- PREFIX/share/wine.inf
This is the global Wine setup information file
in the format of a MS Installer .INF file.
* Registry Files
In order to replicate the Windows registry system,
Wine stores registry entries in a series of files.
For an excellent overview of this issue, read this
http://www.winehq.org/News/2000-25.html#FTR
Wine Weekly News feature.
The bottom line is that, at Wine server startup,
Wine loads all registry entries into memory
to create an in memory image of the registry.
The order of files which Wine uses to load
registry entries is extremely important,
as it affects what registry entries are
actually present. The order is roughly that
.dat files from a Windows partition are loaded,
and then finally local registry settings are
loaded from WINEPREFIX. As each set are loaded,
they can override the prior entries. Thus,
the local registry files take precedence.
Then, at exit (or at periodic intervals),
Wine will write either all registry entries
(or, with the default setting) changed
registry entries to files in the WINEPREFIX.
- WINEPREFIX/system.reg
This file contains the user's local copy of the
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE registry hive. In general use, it will
contain only changes made to the default registry values.
- WINEPREFIX/user.reg
This file contains the user's local copy of the
HKEY_CURRENT_MACHINE registry hive. In general use, it will
contain only changes made to the default registry values.
- WINEPREFIX/userdef.reg
This file contains the user's local copy of the
HKEY_USERS\.Default registry hive. In general use, it will
contain only changes made to the default registry values.
- WINEPREFIX/cachedmetrics.[display]
This file contains font metrics for the given X display.
Generally, this cache is generated once at Wine start time.
cachedmetrics can be generated if absent.
You should note this can take a long time.
- ETCDIR/wine.systemreg
This file contains the global values for HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE.
The values in this file can be overridden by the user's
local settings. The location of this directory is hard coded
within wine, generally to /etc.
- ETCDIR/wine.userreg
This file contains the global values for HKEY_USERS.
The values in this file can be overridden by the user's
local settings. This file is likely to be deprecated in
favor of a global wine.userdef.reg that will only contain
HKEY_USERS/.Default.
* Important Files from a Windows Partition
Wine has the ability to use files from an installation of the
actual Microsoft Windows operating system. Generally these
files are loaded on a VFAT partition that is mounted under Linux.
This is probably the most important configuration detail.
The use of Windows registry and DLL files dramatically alters the
behavior of Wine. If nothing else, packagers have to make this
distinction clear to the end user, so that they can intelligently
choose their configuration.
- WINDOWSDIR/system32/system.dat
- WINDOWSDIR/system32/user.dat
- WINDOWSDIR/win.ini
* Windows Dynamic Link Libraries (WINDOWSDIR/system32/*.dll)
Wine has the ability to use the actual Windows DLL files
when running an application. An end user can configure
Wine so that Wine uses some or all of these DLL files
when running a given application.
PACKAGING STRATEGIES
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
There has recently been a lot of discussion on the Wine development
mailing list about the best way to build Wine packages.
There was a lot of discussion, and several diverging points of view.
This section of the document attempts to present the areas of common
agreement, and also to present the different approaches advocated on
the mailing list.
* Distribution of Wine into packages
The most basic question to ask is given the Wine CVS tree,
what physical files are you, the packager, going to produce?
Are you going to produce only a wine.rpm, or are you going to
produce 6 Debian files (libwine, libwine-dev, wine, wine-doc,
wine-utils and winesetuptk) as Ove has done?
At this point, common practice is to adopt to the conventions
of the targeted distribution.
Also, experience shows that you should not create a huge set
of packages, since later upgrades and obsoleting will be
painful.
* Where to install files
This question is not really contested. It will vary
by distribution, and is really up to the packager.
As a guideline, the current 'make install' process
seems to behave such that if we pick a single PREFIX then:
- binary files go into PREFIX/bin
- library files go into PREFIX/lib/wine
- include files go into PREFIX/include/wine
- man pages go into PREFIX/share/man
- documentation files go into PREFIX/share/doc/wine-VERSION
You might also want to use the wine wrapper script winelauncher
that can be found in tools/ directory, as it has several important
advantages over directly invoking the wine binary.
See the Executable Files section for details.
* The question of /opt/wine
The FHS 2.2 specification suggests that Wine as a package
should be installed to /opt/wine. None of the existing packages
follow this guideline (today; check again tomorrow).
(Since most are upgrades of the distro packages, this is still
on the safe side I think - Marcus Meissner)
* What files to create
After installing the static and shareable files, the next
question the packager needs to ask is how much dynamic
configuration will be done, and what configuration
files should be created.
The best current approach to this is:
- Leave it alone and make a "wineprefixcreate" call available
to the user via a menu item or similar.
- Setup a fake windows setup automatically.
This is done by simply calling wineprefixcreate,
which will setup a fake windows root for the user.
If no arguments are passed, defaults will be
assumed for WINEPREFIX (~/.wine) and similar
variables.
After this, WINE is immediately usable by the
end user.
- Others might be possible.
IMPLEMENTATION
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This section discusses the implementation of a Red Hat 8.0 .spec file.
For a current .spec file, please refer to any one of the existing SRPMs.
1. Building the package
Wine is configured the usual way (depending on your build environment).
The PREFIX is chosen using your application placement policy
(/usr/, /usr/X11R6/, /opt/wine/, or similar). The configuration files
(wine.userreg, wine.systemreg) are targeted for /etc/wine/
(rationale: FHS 2.2, multiple read only configuration files of a package).
Example (split this into %build and %install section for rpm:
CFLAGS="$RPM_OPT_FLAGS" ./configure --prefix=/usr/X11R6 --sysconfdir=/etc/wine/ --enable-dll
make
BR=$RPM_BUILD_ROOT
make install prefix=$BR/usr/X11R6/ sysconfdir=$BR/etc/wine/
You will need to package the files:
$prefix/bin/wine*
$prefix/lib/libwine*
$prefix/lib/wine/*,
$prefix/share/wine/wine.inf
$prefix/man/man1/wine.1
$prefix/include/wine/*
$prefix/bin/notepad
$prefix/bin/progman
$prefix/bin/regedit
$prefix/bin/rundll32
$prefix/bin/regsvr32
$prefix/bin/wcmd
$prefix/bin/widl
$prefix/bin/winhelp
%config /etc/wine/*
%doc ... choose from the top level directory and documentation/
2. Installing Wine for the system administrator
Install the package using the usual packager 'rpm -i wine.rpm'.
Adapting the $prefix/share/wine/wine.inf file used by wineprefixcreate is not
necessary.
Note that on Linux you should somehow try to add the unhide mount option
(see 'man mount') to the CD-ROM entry in /etc/fstab during package install,
as several stupid Windows programs mark some setup (!) files as hidden
(ISO9660) on CD-ROMs, which will greatly confuse users as they won't find
their setup files on the CD-ROMs as they were used on Windows systems when
unhide is not set ;-\ And of course the setup program will complain
that setup.ins or some other mess is missing... If you choose to do so,
then please make this change verbose to the admin.
Also make sure that the kernel you use includes the Joliet CD-ROM support,
for the very same reasons as given above (no long filenames due to missing
Joliet, files not found).
3. Installing Wine for the user
If no standard wine prefix was setup, the first call to wine will
create one for the user.
So the user can just click on any setup.exe file and it will work
out of the box.
AUTHORS
~~~~~~~
Written in 1999 by Marcus Meissner <marcus@jet.franken.de>
Updated in 2000 by Jeremy White <jwhite@codeweavers.com>
Updated in 2002 by Andreas Mohr <andi@rhlx01.fht-esslingen.de>
Updated in 2003 by Tom Wickline <twickline2@triad.rr.com>
Updated in 2003 by Dimitrie O. Paun <dpaun@rogers.com>
Updated in 2004,2005 by Marcus Meissner <marcus@jet.franken.de>
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