Brief overview of Wine's architecture... With the fundamental architecture of Wine stabilizing, and people starting to think that we might soon be ready to actually release this thing, it may be time to take a look at how Wine actually works and operates. Wine is often used as a recursive acronym, standing for "Wine Is Not an Emulator". Sometimes it is also known to be used for "Windows Emulator". In a way, both meanings are correct, only seen from different perspectives. The first meaning says that Wine is not a virtual machine, it does not emulate a CPU, and you are not supposed to install Windows nor any Windows device drivers on top of it; rather, Wine is an implementation of the Windows API, and can be used as a library to port Windows applications to Unix. The second meaning, obviously, is that to Windows binaries (.exe files), Wine does look like Windows, and emulates its behaviour and quirks rather closely. The "Emulator" perspective should not be thought of as if Wine is a typical inefficient emulation layer that means Wine can't be anything but slow - the faithfulness to the badly designed Windows API may of course impose a minor overhead in some cases, but this is both balanced out by the higher efficiency of the Unix platforms Wine runs on, and that other possible abstraction libraries (like Motif, GTK+, CORBA, etc) has a runtime overhead typically comparable to Wine's. Wine's main task is to run Windows executables under non Windows operating systems. It supports different types of executables: DOS executable. Those are even older programs, using the DOS format (either .com or .exe (the later being also called MZ)). Windows NE executable, also called 16 bit. They were the native processes run by Windows 2.x and 3.x. NE stands for New Executable <g>. Windows PE executable. These are programs were introduced in Windows 95 (and became the native formats for all later Windows version), even if 16 bit applications were still supported. PE stands for Portable Executable, in a sense where the format of the executable (as a file) is independent of the CPU (even if the content of the file - the code - is CPU dependent). Winelib executable. These are applications, written using the Windows API, but compiled as a Unix executable. Wine provides the tools to create such executables. Let's quickly review the main differences for the supported executables: DOS (.COM or .EXE) Win16 (NE) Win32 (PE) Winelib Multitasking Only one application at a time (except for TSR) Cooperative Preemptive Preemptive Address space One MB of memory, where each application is loaded and unloaded. All 16 bit applications share a single address space, protected mode. Each application has it's own address space. Requires MMU support from CPU. Each application has it's own address space. Requires MMU support from CPU. Windows API No Windows API but the DOS API (like Int 21h traps). Will call the 16 bit Windows API. Will call the 32 bit Windows API. Will call the 32 bit Windows API, and possibly also the Unix APIs. Code (CPU level) Only available on x86 in real mode. Code and data are in segmented forms, with 16 bit offsets. Processor is in real mode. Only available on IA-32 architectures, code and data are in segmented forms, with 16 bit offsets (hence the 16 bit name). Processor is in protected mode. Available (with NT) on several CPUs, including IA-32. On this CPU, uses a flat memory model with 32 bit offsets (hence the 32 bit name). Flat model, with 32 bit addresses. Multi-threading Not available. Not available. Available. Available, but must use the Win32 APIs for threading and synchronization, not the Unix ones. Wine deals with this issue by launching a separate Wine process (which is in fact a Unix process) for each Win32 process, but not for Win16 tasks. Win16 tasks are run as different intersynchronized Unix-threads in the same dedicated Wine process; this Wine process is commonly known as a WOW process (Windows on Windows), referring to a similar mechanism used by Windows NT. Synchronization between the Win16 tasks running in the WOW process is normally done through the Win16 mutex - whenever one of them is running, it holds the Win16 mutex, keeping the others from running. When the task wishes to let the other tasks run, the thread releases the Win16 mutex, and one of the waiting threads will then acquire it and let its task run. winevdm is the Wine process dedicated to running the Win16 processes. Note that several instances of this process could exist, has Windows has support for different VDM (Virtual Dos Machines) in order to have Win16 processes running in different address spaces. Wine also uses the same architecture to run DOS programs (in this case, the DOS emulation is provided by a Wine only DLL called winedos. The windows architecture (Win 9x way) looks like this: +---------------------+ \ | Windows EXE | } application +---------------------+ / +---------+ +---------+ \ | Windows | | Windows | \ application & system DLLs | DLL | | DLL | / +---------+ +---------+ / +---------+ +---------+ \ | GDI32 | | USER32 | \ | DLL | | DLL | \ +---------+ +---------+ } core system DLLs +---------------------+ / | Kernel32 DLL | / +---------------------+ / +---------------------+ \ | Win9x kernel | } kernel space +---------------------+ / +---------------------+ \ | Windows low-level | \ drivers (kernel space) | drivers | / +---------------------+ / The windows architecture (Windows NT way) looks like the following drawing. Note the new DLL (NTDLL) which allows implementing different subsystems (as win32); kernel32 in NT architecture implements the Win32 subsystem on top of NTDLL. +---------------------+ \ | Windows EXE | } application +---------------------+ / +---------+ +---------+ \ | Windows | | Windows | \ application & system DLLs | DLL | | DLL | / +---------+ +---------+ / +---------+ +---------+ +-----------+ \ | GDI32 | | USER32 | | | \ | DLL | | DLL | | | \ +---------+ +---------+ | | \ core system DLLs +---------------------+ | | / (on the left side) | Kernel32 DLL | | Subsystem | / | (Win32 subsystem) | |Posix, OS/2| / +---------------------+ +-----------+ / +---------------------------------------+ | NTDLL.DLL | +---------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------+ \ | NT kernel | } NT kernel (kernel space) +---------------------------------------+ / +---------------------------------------+ \ | Windows low-level drivers | } drivers (kernel space) +---------------------------------------+ / Note also (not depicted in schema above) that the 16 bit applications are supported in a specific subsystem. Some basic differences between the Win9x and the NT architectures include: Several subsystems (Win32, Posix...) can be run on NT, while not on Win 9x Win 9x roots its architecture in 16 bit systems, while NT is truly a 32 bit system. The drivers model and interfaces in Win 9x and NT are different (even if Microsoft tried to bridge the gap with some support of WDM drivers in Win 98 and above). Wine implementation is closer to the Windows NT architecture, even if several subsystems are not implemented yet (remind also that 16bit support is implemented in a 32-bit Windows EXE, not as a subsystem). Here's the overall picture: +---------------------+ \ | Windows EXE | } application +---------------------+ / +---------+ +---------+ \ | Windows | | Windows | \ application & system DLLs | DLL | | DLL | / +---------+ +---------+ / +---------+ +---------+ +-----------+ +--------+ \ | GDI32 | | USER32 | | | | | \ | DLL | | DLL | | | | Wine | \ +---------+ +---------+ | | | Server | \ core system DLLs +---------------------+ | | | | / (on the left side) | Kernel32 DLL | | Subsystem | | NT-like| / | (Win32 subsystem) | |Posix, OS/2| | Kernel | / +---------------------+ +-----------+ | | / | | +---------------------------------------+ | | | NTDLL | | | +---------------------------------------+ +--------+ +---------------------------------------+ \ | Wine executable (wine-?thread) | } unix executable +---------------------------------------+ / +---------------------------------------------------+ \ | Wine drivers | } Wine specific DLLs +---------------------------------------------------+ / +------------+ +------------+ +--------------+ \ | libc | | libX11 | | other libs | } unix shared libraries +------------+ +------------+ +--------------+ / (user space) +---------------------------------------------------+ \ | Unix kernel (Linux,*BSD,Solaris,OS/X) | } (Unix) kernel space +---------------------------------------------------+ / +---------------------------------------------------+ \ | Unix device drivers | } Unix drivers (kernel space) +---------------------------------------------------+ / Wine must at least completely replace the "Big Three" DLLs (KERNEL/KERNEL32, GDI/GDI32, and USER/USER32), which all other DLLs are layered on top of. But since Wine is (for various reasons) leaning towards the NT way of implementing things, the NTDLL is another core DLL to be implemented in Wine, and many KERNEL32 and ADVAPI32 features will be implemented through the NTDLL. As of today, no real subsystem (apart the Win32 one) has been implemented in Wine. The Wine server provides the backbone for the implementation of the core DLLs. It mainly implementents inter-process synchronization and object sharing. It can be seen, from a functional point of view, as a NT kernel (even if the APIs and protocols used between Wine's DLL and the Wine server are Wine specific). Wine uses the Unix drivers to access the various hardware pieces on the box. However, in some cases, Wine will provide a driver (in Windows sense) to a physical hardware device. This driver will be a proxy to the Unix driver (this is the case, for example, for the graphical part with X11 or SDL drivers, audio with OSS or ALSA drivers...). All DLLs provided by Wine try to stick as much as possible to the exported APIs from the Windows platforms. There are rare cases where this is not the case, and have been propertly documented (Wine DLLs export some Wine specific APIs). Usually, those are prefixed with __wine. Let's now review in greater details all of those components. The Wine server is among the most confusing concepts in Wine. What is its function in Wine? Well, to be brief, it provides Inter-Process Communication (IPC), synchronization, and process/thread management. When the Wine server launches, it creates a Unix socket for the current host based on (see below) your home directory's .wine subdirectory (or wherever the WINEPREFIX environment variable points to) - all Wine processes launched later connects to the Wine server using this socket. If a Wine server was not already running, the first Wine process will start up the Wine server in auto-terminate mode (i.e. the Wine server will then terminate itself once the last Wine process has terminated). In earlier versions of Wine the master socket mentioned above was actually created in the configuration directory; either your home directory's /wine subdirectory or wherever the WINEPREFIX environment variable points>. Since that might not be possible the socket is actually created within the /tmp directory with a name that reflects the configuration directory. This means that there can actually be several separate copies of the Wine server running; one per combination of user and configuration directory. Note that you should not have several users using the same configuration directory at the same time; they will have different copies of the Wine server running and this could well lead to problems with the registry information that they are sharing. Every thread in each Wine process has its own request buffer, which is shared with the Wine server. When a thread needs to synchronize or communicate with any other thread or process, it fills out its request buffer, then writes a command code through the socket. The Wine server handles the command as appropriate, while the client thread waits for a reply. In some cases, like with the various WaitFor??? synchronization primitives, the server handles it by marking the client thread as waiting and does not send it a reply before the wait condition has been satisfied. The Wine server itself is a single and separate Unix process and does not have its own threading - instead, it is built on top of a large poll() loop that alerts the Wine server whenever anything happens, such as a client having sent a command, or a wait condition having been satisfied. There is thus no danger of race conditions inside the Wine server itself - it is often called upon to do operations that look completely atomic to its clients. Because the Wine server needs to manage processes, threads, shared handles, synchronization, and any related issues, all the clients' Win32 objects are also managed by the Wine server, and the clients must send requests to the Wine server whenever they need to know any Win32 object handle's associated Unix file descriptor (in which case the Wine server duplicates the file descriptor, transmits it back to the client, and leaves it to the client to close the duplicate when the client has finished with it). This section mainly applies to builtin DLLs (DLLs provided by Wine). See section for the details on native vs. builtin DLL handling. Loading a Windows binary into memory isn't that hard by itself, the hard part is all those various DLLs and entry points it imports and expects to be there and function as expected; this is, obviously, what the entire Wine implementation is all about. Wine contains a range of DLL implementations. You can find the DLLs implementation in the dlls/ directory. Each DLL (at least, the 32 bit version, see below) is implemented in a Unix shared library. The file name of this shared library is the module name of the DLL with a .dll.so suffix (or .drv.so or any other relevant extension depending on the DLL type). This shared library contains the code itself for the DLL, as well as some more information, as the DLL resources and a Wine specific DLL descriptor. The DLL descriptor, when the DLL is instanciated, is used to create an in-memory PE header, which will provide access to various information about the DLL, including but not limited to its entry point, its resources, its sections, its debug information... The DLL descriptor and entry point table is generated by the winebuild tool (previously just named build), taking DLL specification files with the extension .spec as input. Resources (after compilation by wrc) or message tables (after compilation by wmc) are also added to the descriptor by winebuild. Once an application module wants to import a DLL, Wine will look at: through its list of registered DLLs (in fact, both the already loaded DLLs, and the already loaded shared libraries which has registered a DLL descriptor). Since, the DLL descriptor is automatically registered when the shared library is loaded - remember, registration call is put inside a shared library constructor - using the PRELOAD environment variable when running a Wine process can force the registration of some DLL descriptors. If it's not registered, Wine will look for it on disk, building the shared library name from the DLL module name. Directory searched for are specified by the WINEDLLPATH environment variable. Failing that, it will look for a real Windows .DLL file to use, and look through its imports, etc) and use the loading of native DLLs. After the DLL has been identified (assuming it's still a native one), it's mapped into memory using a dlopen() call. Note, that Wine doesn't use the shared library mechanisms for resolving and/or importing functions between two shared libraries (for two DLLs). The shared library is only used for providing a way to load a piece of code on demand. This piece of code, thanks the DLL descriptor, will provide the same type of information a native DLL would. Wine can then use the same code for native and builtin DLL to handle imports/exports. Wine also relies on the dynamic loading features of the Unix shared libraries to relocate the DLLs if needed (the same DLL can be loaded at different address in two different processes, and even in two consecutive run of the same executable if the order of loading the DLLs differ). The DLL descriptor is registered in the Wine realm using some tricks. The winebuild tool, while creating the code for DLL descriptor, also creates a constructor, that will be called when the shared library is loaded into memory. This constructor will actually register the descriptor to the Wine DLL loader. Hence, before the dlopen call returns, the DLL descriptor will be known and registered. This also helps to deal with the cases where there's still dependencies (at the ELF shared lib level, not at the embedded DLL level) between different shared libraries: the embedded DLLs will be properly registered, and even loaded (from a Windows point of view). Since Wine is 32-bit code itself, and if the compiler supports Windows' calling convention, stdcall (gcc does), Wine can resolve imports into Win32 code by substituting the addresses of the Wine handlers directly without any thunking layer in between. This eliminates the overhead most people associate with "emulation", and is what the applications expect anyway. However, if the user specified WINEDEBUG=+relay , a thunk layer is inserted between the application imports and the Wine handlers (actually the export table of the DLL is modified, and a thunk is inserted in the table); this layer is known as "relay" because all it does is print out the arguments/return values (by using the argument lists in the DLL descriptor's entry point table), then pass the call on, but it's invaluable for debugging misbehaving calls into Wine code. A similar mechanism also exists between Windows DLLs - Wine can optionally insert thunk layers between them, by using WINEDEBUG=+snoop, but since no DLL descriptor information exists for non-Wine DLLs, this is less reliable and may lead to crashes. For Win16 code, there is no way around thunking - Wine needs to relay between 16-bit and 32-bit code. These thunks switch between the app's 16-bit stack and Wine's 32-bit stack, copies and converts arguments as appropriate (an int is 16 bit 16-bit and 32 bits in 32-bit, pointers are segmented in 16 bit (and also near or far) but are 32 bit linear values in 32 bit), and handles the Win16 mutex. Some finer control can be obtained on the conversion, see winebuild reference manual for the details. Suffice to say that the kind of intricate stack content juggling this results in, is not exactly suitable study material for beginners. A DLL descriptor is also created for every 16 bit DLL. However, this DLL normally paired with a 32 bit DLL. Either, it's the 16 bit counterpart of the 16 bit DLL (KRNL386.EXE for KERNEL32, USER for USER32...), or a 16 bit DLL directly linked to a 32 bit DLL (like SYSTEM for KERNEL32, or DDEML for USER32). In those cases, the 16 bit descriptor(s) is (are) inserted in the same shared library as the the corresponding 32 bit DLL. Wine will also create symbolic links between kernel32.dll.so and system.dll.so so that loading of either KERNEL32.DLL or SYSTEM.DLL will end up on the same shared library. This document mainly deals with the status of current DLL support by Wine. The Wine ini file currently supports settings to change the load order of DLLs. The load order depends on several issues, which results in different settings for various DLLs. Native DLLs of course guarantee 100% compatibility for routines they implement. For example, using the native USER DLL would maintain a virtually perfect and Windows 95-like look for window borders, dialog controls, and so on. Using the built-in Wine version of this library, on the other hand, would produce a display that does not precisely mimic that of Windows 95. Such subtle differences can be engendered in other important DLLs, such as the common controls library COMMCTRL or the common dialogs library COMMDLG, when built-in Wine DLLs outrank other types in load order. More significant, less aesthetically-oriented problems can result if the built-in Wine version of the SHELL DLL is loaded before the native version of this library. SHELL contains routines such as those used by installer utilities to create desktop shortcuts. Some installers might fail when using Wine's built-in SHELL. Not every application performs better under native DLLs. If a library tries to access features of the rest of the system that are not fully implemented in Wine, the native DLL might work much worse than the corresponding built-in one, if at all. For example, the native Windows GDI library must be paired with a Windows display driver, which of course is not present under Intel Unix and Wine. Finally, occasionally built-in Wine DLLs implement more features than the corresponding native Windows DLLs. Probably the most important example of such behavior is the integration of Wine with X provided by Wine's built-in USER DLL. Should the native Windows USER library take load-order precedence, such features as the ability to use the clipboard or drag-and-drop between Wine windows and X windows will be lost. Clearly, there is no one rule-of-thumb regarding which load-order to use. So, you must become familiar with what specific DLLs do and which other DLLs or features a given library interacts with, and use this information to make a case-by-case decision. Using the DLL sections from the wine configuration file, the load order can be tweaked to a high degree. In general it is advised not to change the settings of the configuration file. The default configuration specifies the right load order for the most important DLLs. The default load order follows this algorithm: for all DLLs which have a fully-functional Wine implementation, or where the native DLL is known not to work, the built-in library will be loaded first. In all other cases, the native DLL takes load-order precedence. The DefaultLoadOrder from the [DllDefaults] section specifies for all DLLs which version to try first. See manpage for explanation of the arguments. The [DllOverrides] section deals with DLLs, which need a different-from-default treatment. The [DllPairs] section is for DLLs, which must be loaded in pairs. In general, these are DLLs for either 16-bit or 32-bit applications. In most cases in Windows, the 32-bit version cannot be used without its 16-bit counterpart. For Wine, it is customary that the 16-bit implementations rely on the 32-bit implementations and cast the results back to 16-bit arguments. Changing anything in this section is bound to result in errors. For the future, the Wine implementation of Windows DLL seems to head towards unifying the 16 and 32 bit DLLs wherever possible, resulting in larger DLLs. They are stored in the dlls/ subdirectory using the 32-bit name. Every Win32 process in Wine has its own dedicated native process on the host system, and therefore its own address space. This section explores the layout of the Windows address space and how it is emulated. Firstly, a quick recap of how virtual memory works. Physical memory in RAM chips is split into frames, and the memory that each process sees is split into pages. Each process has its own 4 gigabytes of address space (4gig being the maximum space addressable with a 32 bit pointer). Pages can be mapped or unmapped: attempts to access an unmapped page cause an EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION which has the easily recognizable code of 0xC0000005. Any page can be mapped to any frame, therefore you can have multiple addresses which actually "contain" the same memory. Pages can also be mapped to things like files or swap space, in which case accessing that page will cause a disk access to read the contents into a free frame. When a Win32 process starts, it does not have a clear address space to use as it pleases. Many pages are already mapped by the operating system. In particular, the EXE file itself and any DLLs it needs are mapped into memory, and space has been reserved for the stack and a couple of heaps (zones used to allocate memory to the app from). Some of these things need to be at a fixed address, and others can be placed anywhere. The EXE file itself is usually mapped at address 0x400000 and up: indeed, most EXEs have their relocation records stripped which means they must be loaded at their base address and cannot be loaded at any other address. DLLs are internally much the same as EXE files but they have relocation records, which means that they can be mapped at any address in the address space. Remember we are not dealing with physical memory here, but rather virtual memory which is different for each process. Therefore OLEAUT32.DLL may be loaded at one address in one process, and a totally different one in another. Ensuring all the functions loaded into memory can find each other is the job of the Windows dynamic linker, which is a part of NTDLL. So, we have the EXE and its DLLs mapped into memory. Two other very important regions also exist: the stack and the process heap. The process heap is simply the equivalent of the libc malloc arena on UNIX: it's a region of memory managed by the OS which malloc/HeapAlloc partitions and hands out to the application. Windows applications can create several heaps but the process heap always exists. Windows 9x also implements another kind of heap: the shared heap. The shared heap is unusual in that anything allocated from it will be visible in every other process. So far we've assumed the entire 4 gigs of address space is available for the application. In fact that's not so: only the lower 2 gigs are available, the upper 2 gigs are on Windows NT used by the operating system and hold the kernel (from 0x80000000). Why is the kernel mapped into every address space? Mostly for performance: while it's possible to give the kernel its own address space too - this is what Ingo Molnars 4G/4G VM split patch does for Linux - it requires that every system call into the kernel switches address space. As that is a fairly expensive operation (requires flushing the translation lookaside buffers etc) and syscalls are made frequently it's best avoided by keeping the kernel mapped at a constant position in every processes address space. Basically, the comparison of memory mappings looks as follows: Address Windows 9x Windows NT Linux 00000000-7fffffff User User User 80000000-bfffffff Shared User User c0000000-ffffffff Kernel Kernel Kernel On Windows 9x, in fact only the upper gigabyte (0xC0000000 and up) is used by the kernel, the region from 2 to 3 gigs is a shared area used for loading system DLLs and for file mappings. The bottom 2 gigs on both NT and 9x are available for the programs memory allocation and stack. Wine will not allow running native Windows drivers under Unix. This comes mainly because (look at the generic architecture schemas) Wine doesn't implement the kernel features of Windows (kernel here really means the kernel, not the KERNEL32 DLL), but rather sets up a proxy layer on top of the Unix kernel to provide the NTDLL and KERNEL32 features. This means that Wine doesn't provide the inner infrastructure to run native drivers, either from the Win9x family or from the NT family. In other words, Wine will only be able to provide access to a specific device, if and only if, 1/ this device is supported in Unix (there is Unix-driver to talk to it), 2/ Wine has implemented the proxy code to make the glue between the API of a Windows driver, and the Unix interface of the Unix driver. Wine, however, tries to implement in the various DLLs needing to access devices to do it through the standard Windows APIs for device drivers in user space. This is for example the case for the multimedia drivers, where Wine loads Wine builtin DLLs to talk to the OSS interface, or the ALSA interface. Those DLLs implement the same interface as any user space audio driver in Windows.